scholarly journals Analysis of female athlete triad in adolescent female Bharatanatyam dancer using low energy availability questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4024
Author(s):  
Sharayu S. Tambe ◽  
Anjali S. Puntambekar
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Background: The aim of this study was to assess adolescent Bharatanatyam female dancers for female athlete triad (FAT) which includes low energy availability (LEA), musculoskeletal injury profile, gastrointestinal function and menstrual dysfunction using in females LEAF questionnaire.Methods: The approval was taken from the institutional review board of K. J. Somaiya college of physiotherapy. A pre-designed, pre-validated, questionnaire was distributed in the google form layout, among population according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; asking for consent to confirm their willingness to participate voluntarily. After confirmation, the participants were directed to complete the LEAF questionnaire, maintaining their confidentiality. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 82 participants took part in this study. The cumulative incidence of musculoskeletal injuries is about 50%. 35.4% of population experienced gaseous or bloated abdomen apart from menstrual function and 32.9% experienced cramps or stomach ache which were not related to menses. 7.3% of population reported primary amenorrhea, 35.8% reported secondary amenorrhea and 18.6% reported oligomenorrhea. Thus, overall, 34.5% population reported all the components of FAT.Conclusions: Prevalence of LEA in Bharatanatyam female dancers was reported amongst which prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was high amongst the participants followed by menstrual dysfunction. LEA might have been interpreted as a usual or needed procedure to achieve better performance in past, but now it is recognized that it may lead to several negative consequences. Therefore, timely screening of dancers along with adequate training protocol will help alleviate LEA.

The Female Athlete Triad

2018 ◽  
pp. 288-301
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Carlson ◽  
Katherine B. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Bone Acquisition ◽  
Low Energy Availability

In 2007, the female athlete triad was redefined to include (1) low energy availability with or without disordered eating; (2) menstrual dysfunction; and (3) decreased bone mineral density. Components of the triad are common during adolescence, a critical period for bone acquisition and growth, but the prevalence varies among athlete populations based on several factors. Screening for the triad should be a routine part of the preparticipation physical examination of adolescent athletes, and new recommendations exist for the screening and management of athletes at risk for complications from the triad. Awareness and education are critical for prevention and early intervention.

scholarly journals The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (S2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane De Souza ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Nancy I. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Male Athlete ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Abstract The Female Athlete Triad represents three interrelated conditions of (i) low energy availability (energy deficiency), presenting with or without disordered eating, (ii) menstrual dysfunction, and (iii) poor bone health, each of which can exist along a continuum of severity ranging from mild and moderate subclinical health concerns to severe clinical outcomes, including eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. This review provides a brief overview of the Female Athlete Triad, including updating the current thinking regarding energy availability and how it relates to reproductive function, and sets the stage for an initial working model of a similar syndrome in males that will be based on currently available evidence and will later be defined and referred to as a Male Athlete Triad by the newly re-named Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition. A primary focus of this paper will be on the physiology of each Triad model with an emphasis on low energy availability and its role in reproductive function, with a brief introduction on its effects on bone health in men. From the data reviewed, (i) a specific threshold of energy availability below which menstrual disturbances are induced is not supported; (ii) it appears that the energetic, reproductive, and bone systems in men are more resilient to the effects of low energy availability compared to those of women, requiring more severe energetic perturbations before alterations are observed; and (iii) it appears that recovery of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis can be observed more quickly in men than in women.

scholarly journals CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Uyara Pereira de Maria ◽  
Claudia Ridel Juzwiak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Brazilian Version ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Low Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low energy availability, amenorrhea and osteoporosis make up the Female Athlete Triad observed in physically active females and athletes. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was created with the purpose of identifying female athletes at risk for the Female Athlete Triad. Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the LEAF-Q for Brazilian Portuguese and validate it in a group of Brazilian athletes. Methods: The first stage of the study consisted of translation, cultural adaptation and content validation of the questionnaire in 20 athletes. In the second stage, for the test-retest reliability analysis and the construct validation, the final adapted version was applied in a sample of 127 athletes from various sports disciplines, 54 of whom responded to the questionnaire on a second occasion. For the test-retest reliability analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated and the paired t-test, McNemar’s test and Bland-Altman plot were carried out. The construct validation modeled by known or contrasted groups was carried out by comparing the mean LEAF-Q scores of group 1 (athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports) with those of group 2 (athletes who practiced team sports) using the Student’s t test. Results: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.92. The construct validity by known or contrasted groups was confirmed after demonstrating that athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports had a higher LEAF-Q mean score than athletes who practiced team sports (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q is an important tool, which presented textual and cultural adequacy, proved to be reliable in terms of test-retest reliability, and presents evidence of validity to investigate the risk of the triad. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies – Investigating a diagnostic instrument .

scholarly journals Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110544
Author(s):  
Braeden T. Charlton ◽  
Sara Forsyth ◽  
David C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and the more encompassing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are disorders caused by low energy availability (LEA). LEA is a state of insufficient energy intake by an athlete relative to their energy expenditure. Persistent LEA results in the deleterious consequences to health and performance that comprise RED-S. With respect to both the Triad and RED-S, researchers have called for more education of those involved with sport, particularly coaches, to help reduce the incidence of these disorders. Recent studies have shown that as few as 15% of coaches are aware of the Triad, with up to 89% unable to identify even one of its symptoms. RED-S is a more recently established concept such that coach knowledge regarding it has only begun to be assessed, but the results of these initial studies indicate similar trends as for the Triad. In this review, we synthesize research findings from 1986 to 2021 that pertains to LEA and RED-S, which coaches should know so they can better guide their athletes.

Low Energy Availability And The Female Athlete Triad In Endurance Athletes Versus Controls

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Garneau-Fournier ◽  
Nanna Meyer ◽  
Andrew Subudhi ◽  
Jacqueline Berning
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Energy Availability

scholarly journals Drive for Thinness Predicts Musculoskeletal Injuries in Division II NCAA Female Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Scheid ◽  
Stefanik
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
High Drive ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The female athlete triad is the interrelation of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Previously, the components of the female athlete triad have been linked to bone stress injuries. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between drive for thinness, a proxy indicator of low energy availability, and musculoskeletal injuries. Fifty-seven female athletes, from an NCAA Division II college, were followed throughout their respective sport season for musculoskeletal injuries. Women were grouped based on a median split of the drive for thinness score (high drive for thinness (DT) vs. low DT). At the end of each sport season, injury data were compiled using an electronic medical record database. Forty-seven of the 57 women (82%) incurred 90 musculoskeletal injuries. The most prevalent injuries included: Low back pain/spasm/strain (n = 12), followed by shin splints/medial tibial stress syndrome (n = 9), general knee pain (n = 7), quadriceps strain (n = 6), and knee sprain (anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament sprains; n = 5). The number of in-season injuries in the High DT group (2.0 ± 0.3) was significantly higher than the Low DT group (1.2 ± 0.2, p = 0.026). A high drive for thinness is associated with an increased number of injuries during the competitive season.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Low Energy Availability, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female Athlete Triad Amongst Female Athletes and Active Individuals

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Winter ◽  
Black ◽  
Brown
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Low Energy Availability ◽  
Normal Physiological Function

Background: Low Energy Availability (LEA), Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) and the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) are generally related to the negative health effects of consuming insufficient energy to meet exercise energy expenditure and maintain normal physiological function. [...]

scholarly journals The Female Athlete Triad: A Metabolic Phenomenon

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne B. Loucks
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Menstrual Disorders ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a syndrome in which low energy availability triggers a broad range of endocrine mechanisms that conserve energy expenditure, and thereby impairs reproductive and skeletal health.  Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise training for all other physiological functions each day.  The specific kind of reproductive dysfunctions caused by low energy availability are functional hypothalamic menstrual disorders.  To ensure that affected athletes receive appropriate care, endocrine tests are required to diagnose these disorders by the exclusion of other types of menstrual disorders unrelated to the Triad.  In addition, low energy availability impairs skeletal health by uncoupling bone turnover, in which the rate of bone resorption increases while the rate of bone formation declines.  The result is a progressive loss or failure to accrue bone mass, which increases the risks of stress fractures and osteoporosis.  Low energy availability originates in one or more of three sources:  restrictive eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa; intentional efforts to lose body weight or body fat to improve athletic performance or appearance; and the inadvertent suppression of appetite by exercise and diets containing a high percentage of carbohydrates.  It is necessary to know the origin of low energy availability in a particular athlete in order to intervene effectively with her.  The key behavior modification for preventing and treating the Triad is to increase energy availability, either by increasing dietary energy intake, reducing exercise energy expenditure, or both.  Guidelines for doing so are provided.

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