scholarly journals Drive for Thinness Predicts Musculoskeletal Injuries in Division II NCAA Female Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Scheid ◽  
Stefanik
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
High Drive ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The female athlete triad is the interrelation of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Previously, the components of the female athlete triad have been linked to bone stress injuries. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between drive for thinness, a proxy indicator of low energy availability, and musculoskeletal injuries. Fifty-seven female athletes, from an NCAA Division II college, were followed throughout their respective sport season for musculoskeletal injuries. Women were grouped based on a median split of the drive for thinness score (high drive for thinness (DT) vs. low DT). At the end of each sport season, injury data were compiled using an electronic medical record database. Forty-seven of the 57 women (82%) incurred 90 musculoskeletal injuries. The most prevalent injuries included: Low back pain/spasm/strain (n = 12), followed by shin splints/medial tibial stress syndrome (n = 9), general knee pain (n = 7), quadriceps strain (n = 6), and knee sprain (anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament sprains; n = 5). The number of in-season injuries in the High DT group (2.0 ± 0.3) was significantly higher than the Low DT group (1.2 ± 0.2, p = 0.026). A high drive for thinness is associated with an increased number of injuries during the competitive season.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Low Energy Availability, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and the Female Athlete Triad Amongst Female Athletes and Active Individuals

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Winter ◽  
Black ◽  
Brown
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Low Energy Availability ◽  
Normal Physiological Function

Background: Low Energy Availability (LEA), Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) and the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) are generally related to the negative health effects of consuming insufficient energy to meet exercise energy expenditure and maintain normal physiological function. [...]

scholarly journals Analysis of female athlete triad in adolescent female Bharatanatyam dancer using low energy availability questionnaire

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4024
Author(s):  
Sharayu S. Tambe ◽  
Anjali S. Puntambekar
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Background: The aim of this study was to assess adolescent Bharatanatyam female dancers for female athlete triad (FAT) which includes low energy availability (LEA), musculoskeletal injury profile, gastrointestinal function and menstrual dysfunction using in females LEAF questionnaire.Methods: The approval was taken from the institutional review board of K. J. Somaiya college of physiotherapy. A pre-designed, pre-validated, questionnaire was distributed in the google form layout, among population according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; asking for consent to confirm their willingness to participate voluntarily. After confirmation, the participants were directed to complete the LEAF questionnaire, maintaining their confidentiality. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 82 participants took part in this study. The cumulative incidence of musculoskeletal injuries is about 50%. 35.4% of population experienced gaseous or bloated abdomen apart from menstrual function and 32.9% experienced cramps or stomach ache which were not related to menses. 7.3% of population reported primary amenorrhea, 35.8% reported secondary amenorrhea and 18.6% reported oligomenorrhea. Thus, overall, 34.5% population reported all the components of FAT.Conclusions: Prevalence of LEA in Bharatanatyam female dancers was reported amongst which prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was high amongst the participants followed by menstrual dysfunction. LEA might have been interpreted as a usual or needed procedure to achieve better performance in past, but now it is recognized that it may lead to several negative consequences. Therefore, timely screening of dancers along with adequate training protocol will help alleviate LEA.

Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Allyson L. Parziale ◽  
Kathryn E. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Energy Availability

This study’s objective was to identify differences in risk for low energy availability and athletic clearance level by comparing scores on Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (Triad CRA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). A total of 1,000 female athletes aged 15–30 years participating in ≥4 hr of physical activity/week for the previous ≥6 months completed an extensive survey assessing health, athletic history, family disease history, and specific Triad/RED-S risk factors. Retrospective chart review ascertained laboratory and bone mineral density measures. Triad CRA and RED-S CAT were used to assign each athlete’s risk level (low, moderate, and high), and case-by-case comparison measured the level of agreement between the tools. We hypothesized that the tools would generally agree on low-risk athletes and that the tools would be less aligned in the specific elevated risk level (moderate or high). Most of the sample was assigned moderate or high risk for Triad CRA and RED-S CAT (Triad: 54.7% moderate and 7.9% high; RED-S: 63.2% moderate and 33.0% high). The tools agreed on risk for 55.5% of athletes. Agreement increased to 64.3% when only athletes with bone mineral density measurements were considered. In conclusion, Triad CRA and RED-S CAT provide consensus on the majority of athletes at elevated (moderate or high) risk for low energy availability, but have less agreement on the specific risk level assigned.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712095972
Author(s):  
Paige Skorseth ◽  
Nicole Segovia ◽  
Katherine Hastings ◽  
Emily Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Background: Investigations of the female athlete triad (Triad) in high school athletes have found that 36% had low energy availability, 54% had menstrual abnormalities, and 16% had low bone mineral density (BMD). Limited data are available showing the prevalence of these risk factors in high school distance runners or regarding best practice on screening for the Triad in the adolescent population. Purpose: To (1) evaluate the prevalence of Triad risk factors and iron supplementation in high school distance runners and (2) pilot a screening tool for Triad risk score. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The study population included female high school athletes who participated in cross-country/track. Participants completed a survey including questions regarding dietary habits, menstrual history, and bone stress injury (BSI) history. They then underwent evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, free triiodothyronine (T3), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body fat and BMD through use of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched Z scores. Triad scores were calculated. Relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: There were 38 study participants (mean age, 16.9 years). Average body mass index was 19.8 kg/m2. Disordered eating or eating disorders were reported in 76.3% of runners; in addition, 23.7% reported delayed menarche, 45.9% had a history of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 42.1% had low BMD ( Z score < –1.0), and 15.8% reported prior BSI. Low free T3 was significantly associated with higher Triad risk scores ( r S = –0.36; P = .028). More than 42% of athletes were supplementing iron. Conclusion: The prevalence of Triad risk factors in high school distance runners was high. Free T3 was inversely associated with Triad score, which may serve as an indicator of low energy availability. Nearly half of the athletes were using iron supplementation.

scholarly journals CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Uyara Pereira de Maria ◽  
Claudia Ridel Juzwiak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Brazilian Version ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Low Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low energy availability, amenorrhea and osteoporosis make up the Female Athlete Triad observed in physically active females and athletes. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was created with the purpose of identifying female athletes at risk for the Female Athlete Triad. Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the LEAF-Q for Brazilian Portuguese and validate it in a group of Brazilian athletes. Methods: The first stage of the study consisted of translation, cultural adaptation and content validation of the questionnaire in 20 athletes. In the second stage, for the test-retest reliability analysis and the construct validation, the final adapted version was applied in a sample of 127 athletes from various sports disciplines, 54 of whom responded to the questionnaire on a second occasion. For the test-retest reliability analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated and the paired t-test, McNemar’s test and Bland-Altman plot were carried out. The construct validation modeled by known or contrasted groups was carried out by comparing the mean LEAF-Q scores of group 1 (athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports) with those of group 2 (athletes who practiced team sports) using the Student’s t test. Results: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.92. The construct validity by known or contrasted groups was confirmed after demonstrating that athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports had a higher LEAF-Q mean score than athletes who practiced team sports (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q is an important tool, which presented textual and cultural adequacy, proved to be reliable in terms of test-retest reliability, and presents evidence of validity to investigate the risk of the triad. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies – Investigating a diagnostic instrument .

scholarly journals Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110544
Author(s):  
Braeden T. Charlton ◽  
Sara Forsyth ◽  
David C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and the more encompassing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are disorders caused by low energy availability (LEA). LEA is a state of insufficient energy intake by an athlete relative to their energy expenditure. Persistent LEA results in the deleterious consequences to health and performance that comprise RED-S. With respect to both the Triad and RED-S, researchers have called for more education of those involved with sport, particularly coaches, to help reduce the incidence of these disorders. Recent studies have shown that as few as 15% of coaches are aware of the Triad, with up to 89% unable to identify even one of its symptoms. RED-S is a more recently established concept such that coach knowledge regarding it has only begun to be assessed, but the results of these initial studies indicate similar trends as for the Triad. In this review, we synthesize research findings from 1986 to 2021 that pertains to LEA and RED-S, which coaches should know so they can better guide their athletes.

Low Energy Availability And The Female Athlete Triad In Endurance Athletes Versus Controls

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade Garneau-Fournier ◽  
Nanna Meyer ◽  
Andrew Subudhi ◽  
Jacqueline Berning
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The Female Athlete Triad

2018 ◽  
pp. 288-301
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Carlson ◽  
Katherine B. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Bone Acquisition ◽  
Low Energy Availability

In 2007, the female athlete triad was redefined to include (1) low energy availability with or without disordered eating; (2) menstrual dysfunction; and (3) decreased bone mineral density. Components of the triad are common during adolescence, a critical period for bone acquisition and growth, but the prevalence varies among athlete populations based on several factors. Screening for the triad should be a routine part of the preparticipation physical examination of adolescent athletes, and new recommendations exist for the screening and management of athletes at risk for complications from the triad. Awareness and education are critical for prevention and early intervention.

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