scholarly journals Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Model for Hydroponics pH Control System

TEM Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1694-1699
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farid Saaid ◽  
Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin ◽  
Nooritawati Md Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Residual Distribution ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm ◽  
Delivery Accuracy ◽  
Good Agreement

Nutrients are essential to optimise plant growth. However, adding fertiliser changes the pH of the nutrition solution. This would impact plant growth as each plant types requires a specific pH range to thrive. Due to the nonlinearity characteristics, pH neutralisation adjustment is difficult but essential. In addition, alkaline solutions are not completely dissociated due to the presence of acid. For these reasons, a mathematical model to estimate the solution's pH would help improve the alkaline and acidic delivery accuracy. This study represents a pH water neutralisation behaviour using Particle Swarm Optimisation algorithm (PSO). The project begins with input and output data acquisition leading to the development of the PSO model. The model fit and residual distribution have also been analysed for this model. The model's performance was accepted based on a correlation test because the lag signal exceeded 95% of the confidence interval. The model also recorded a very minimal error, and this proved that a good agreement is established between the predicted and actual pH values.

scholarly journals Determination of the Forward Dissolution Rate for International Simple Glass in Alkaline Solutions

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Elia ◽  
Karine Ferrand ◽  
Karel Lemmens
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Geological Disposal ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
High Level ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACTThe International Simple Glass (ISG) is considered as reference benchmark glass and is used in the frame of an international collaboration for the study of the dissolution mechanisms of high-level vitrified nuclear waste.In this work the forward dissolution rate of the ISG was determined in different alkaline solutions, as a simulation of the disposal conditions foreseen by the Belgian concept for geological disposal of vitrified waste. The determination of the forward dissolution rate was done by measuring the Si released from the glass in solution in tests performed at 30 °C in four different KOH solutions with pH varying from 9 to 14 and in artificial cementitious water at pH 13.5.The forward dissolution rates determined for the ISG in high pH solutions are in good agreement with the results obtained for a lower pH range.The rates obtained in this study, moreover, were compared with the rates measured in the same conditions for SON68 glass from a previous work. The values obtained for the two glasses are comparable in artificial cementitious water and in KOH at moderately alkaline pH. At higher pH, ISG glass shows a lower forward dissolution rate with respect to SON68 (0.20 g·m-2·d for ISG and 0.35 g·m-2 d for SON68 at pH 14).

Amine-Citrate Buffers for pH Control in Starch Gel Electrophoresis

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1169-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Clayton ◽  
D. N. Tretiak
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Amine Buffers

Amine-citrate buffer systems for pH control in starch gel electrophoresis gave good resolution of some dehydrogenase isozymes. The pK's of three new amine buffers, N-(3-aminopropyl)-morpholine, pK2 25 C, 6.12; N-(3-aminopropyl)-diethanolamine, pK2 25 C, 6.90; and 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol, pK2 25 C, 7.55, were determined at 5 C intervals in the range 10–40 C. These compounds, together with N, N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane (bis-Tris) and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylamine(Tris), provide a series of amine buffers with pK's at 0.5 unit intervals in the pH range 6.1–8.1.

Alkaline Solutions for pH Control

1956 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1322-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Bates ◽  
V. E. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Ph Control ◽  
Alkaline Solutions

Structural changes of flavylium salts. IV. Polarographic and spectrometric examination of pelargonidin chloride

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Harper
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Equilibrium Mixture ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Anodic Wave ◽  
Wide Ph Range ◽  
Phenolic Group ◽  
Ph Range

Pelargonidin chloride has been examined polarographically and spectrometrically in aqueous methanol over a wide pH range and the molecular changes determined. In strongly acid solutions the flavylium ion is stable, but between pH3 and pH8 ring opening to the α-diketone occurs, the process involving the pseudo-base and its 3-keto tautomer. The pseudo-base is present in the equilibrium mixture from pH3 to pH12 in amount varying with the pH. The anhydrobase, detected in the equilibrium mixture at pH6, is stable above pH7, becoming ionized as the pH is raised. Unlike the anhydrobase of the simpler flavylium salts, the anhydrobase of pelargonidin chloride does not undergo ring cleavage in strong alkali under the conditions of these experiments. Ionization of the phenolic group at C5 was indicated by a, small anodic wave in the polarograms above pH9.5, due to mercuration at C6. A similar reaction, analogous to the known catalytic mercuration of ketones, was observed for phloroglucinol and resorcinol in alkaline solutions.

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