scholarly journals Reconstructive surgeries on the larynx and cervical trachea in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Razumovsky ◽  
D. N. Strizhova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Balloon Dilation ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Tracheal Resection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Endoluminal Surgery ◽  
Airway Narrowing ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Introduction. One of the urgent problems in pediatric surgery and otorhinolaryngology is stenosis of the upper respiratory tract in children. Among many causes leading to airway narrowing , basic ones are: cicatricial stenosis, bilateral vocal cord paralysis and volumetric formations.Diagnostics. Currently, fibroscopy of the upper respiratory tract is a gold standard of this pathology examination.Methods. There are many surgical techniques to treat upper airway stenosis, but currently there is no any unified approach to the choice of surgical tactics. The given article presents an overview on modern techniques of reconstructive surgery which have demonstrated good and excellent results and a high percentage of decannulation. Among them, there are two basic ones - endoluminal surgery and open surgery. Recently, reports on the effectiveness of microsurgical interventions have been published , namely, reinnervation of the larynx to restore vocal cords. The most effective endoscopic surgeries in pediatrics are balloon dilation, bougienage and CO2- laser treatment. Patients with stenosis of stages III-IV, with extended stenosis, marked laryngomalacia, larynx and trachea deformity because of unsuccessful previous surgeries are recommended to have open reconstructive surgery. Laryngoplasty, laryngoplasty with T-tube and crico-tracheal resection are regarded as a choice option in case of ineffective previous surgeries.Conclusion. Thus, type of surgical intervention, indications and patient’s age for surgery are chosen individually for each patient with upper respiratory tract stenosis.

scholarly journals Bacterial Phosphorylcholine Decreases Susceptibility to the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37/hCAP18 Expressed in the Upper Respiratory Tract

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1664-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena S. Lysenko ◽  
Jane Gould ◽  
Robert Bals ◽  
James M. Wilson ◽  
Jeffrey N. Weiser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Phase Variable ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Host Membrane ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT A number of pathogens of the upper respiratory tract express an unusual prokaryotic structure, phosphorylcholine (ChoP), on their cell surface. We tested the hypothesis that ChoP, also found on host membrane lipids in the form of phosphatidylcholine, acts so as to decrease killing by antimicrobial peptides that target differences between bacterial and host membranes. In Haemophilus influenzae, ChoP is a phase-variable structure on the oligosaccharide portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). There was a bactericidal effect of the peptide LL-37/hCAP18 on a nontypeableH. influenzae strain, with an increasing selection for the ChoP+ phase as the concentration of the peptide was raised from 0 to 10 μg/ml. Moreover, constitutive ChoP-expressing mutants of unrelated strains showed up to 1,000-fold-greater survival compared to mutants without ChoP. The effect of ChoP on resistance to killing by LL-37/hCAP18 was dependent on the salt concentration and was observed only when bacteria were grown in the presence of environmental choline, a requirement for the expression of ChoP on the LPS. Further studies established that there is transcription of the LL-37/hCAP18 gene on the epithelial surface of the human nasopharynx in situ and inducible transcription in epithelial cells derived from the upper airway. The presence of highly variable amounts of LL-37/hCAP18 in normal nasal secretions (<1.2 to >80 μg/ml) was demonstrated with an antibody against this peptide. It was concluded that ChoP alters the bacterial cell surface so as mimic host membrane lipids and decrease killing by LL-37/hCAP18, an antimicrobial peptide that may be expressed on the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx in bactericidal concentrations.

scholarly journals Upper airway.4: Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT)

Thorax ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Baughman ◽  
E. E. Lower ◽  
T. Tami
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

scholarly journals Intranasal HD-Ad vaccine protects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hACE2 mice against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huibi Cao ◽  
Juntao Mai ◽  
Zhichang Zhou ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Rongqi Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Complete Protection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in 185 million recorded cases and over 4 million deaths worldwide. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use in humans and are being used in many countries. However, all the approved vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection and this may not prevent upper airway infection or viral transmission. Results Here, we describe a novel, intranasally delivered COVID-19 vaccine based on a helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vector. The vaccine (HD-Ad_RBD) produces a soluble secreted form of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and we show it induced robust mucosal and systemic immunity. Moreover, intranasal immunization of K18-hACE2 mice with HD-Ad_RBD using a prime-boost regimen, resulted in complete protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Our approaches provide a powerful platform for constructing highly effective vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants.

Pulmonary Edema and Croup

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Morrison Hurley ◽  
J. R. Kearns
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Similar Case ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Distress ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Laryngeal Stridor

There have been two reports of children1 and adults2 developing acute pulmonary edema secondary to acute upper airway obstruction. We are reporting a similar case which demonstrates the same association. A 5-year-old girl had a mild upper respiratory tract infection and harsh cough two days prior to admission in April 1975. She awakened suddenly the evening of admission unable to breathe. She improved slightly in the cold outside air en route to hospital, but on arrival she developed acute distress with laryngeal stridor suprasternal and intercostal indrawing.

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Definition of Factitious Bleeding in An Infant by 51Cr Labeling of Erythrocytes

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-231
Author(s):  
Lawrence Kurlandsky ◽  
Jonathan Y. Lukoff ◽  
William H. Zinkham ◽  
Judith P. Brody ◽  
Richard W. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Munchausen Syndrome ◽  
Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy ◽  
Bleeding Episodes ◽  
Future Harm ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Definition Of

The Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by some person other than the patient. This report describes an 8-week-old infant with repetitive bleeding episodes, presumably originating from the upper respiratory tract. Extensive investigations, including angiography, several endoscopies under general anesthesia, and reinfusion of the infant's red cells labeled with 51Cr followed by pulmonary and upper airway scanning, failed to reveal the source of bleeding. Within two weeks after initiation of the 51Cr studies, radioactivity of facial blood from two separate bleeding episodes did not exceed background counts. Soimultaneous examination of the infant's capillary blood, however, showed moderate to marked radioactivity. The Rh subtype of the facial blood was cc, whereas the infant's type was Cc. These findings indicated that the facial blood was factitious in origin. No further "bleeding" occurred after this information was presented to the parents. This case represents an unusual example of the Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Awareness of this entity can prevent potentially harmful investigations. Documenting its occurrence and sharing the information with parents in a nonaccusatory manner may prevent future harm to the patient.

scholarly journals Model predictive control approach for a CPAP-device

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Scheel ◽  
Andreas Berndt ◽  
Olaf Simanski
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Model Predictive Control ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Upper Respiratory

AbstractThe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by a collapse of the upper respiratory tract, resulting in a reduction of the blood oxygen- and an increase of the carbon dioxide (CO2) - concentration, which causes repeated sleep disruptions. The gold standard to treat the OSAS is the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. The continuous pressure keeps the upper airway open and prevents the collapse of the upper respiratory tract and the pharynx. Most of the available CPAP-devices cannot maintain the pressure reference [1]. In this work a model predictive control approach is provided. This control approach has the possibility to include the patient’s breathing effort into the calculation of the control variable. Therefore a patient-individualized control strategy can be developed.

scholarly journals Thermal Water Applications in the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Keller ◽  
Volker König ◽  
Ralph Mösges
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Background. Thermal water inhalations and irrigations have a long tradition in the treatment of airway diseases. Currently there exists no systematic review or meta-analysis on the effectiveness of thermal water treatment in upper respiratory tract diseases. Methods. A systematic search in the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ISI Web of Science, and MedPilot was accomplished. Results. Eight evaluable outcome parameters from 13 prospective clinical studies were identified for 840 patients. Mucociliary clearance time improves significantly (P<0.01) for the pooled thermal water subgroup and the sulphurous subgroup after 2 weeks (−6.69/minutes) and after 90 days (−8.33/minutes), not for isotonic sodium chloride solution (ISCS). Nasal resistance improved significantly after 2 weeks (Radon, ISCS, and placebo), after 30 days (sulphur and ISCS), and after 90 days (sulphur). Nasal flow improved significantly with the pooled thermal water, radon alone, and ISCS subgroups. For the IgE parameter only sulphurous thermal water (P<0.01) and ISCS (P>0.01) were analyzable. Adverse events of minor character were only reported for sulphurous treatment (19/370). Conclusion. Thermal water applications with radon or sulphur can be recommended as additional nonpharmacological treatment in upper airway diseases. Also in comparison to isotonic saline solution it shows significant improvements and should be investigated further.

scholarly journals The Influence on Airflow Characteristics In Upper Airway In Sleep Apnea Hypopnea By The Disturbance of Pharyngeal Muscle Group Based on High Simulation of The Wall Flow Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan HUANG ◽  
Fan PENG ◽  
Liren SUN ◽  
Jie BI ◽  
Jue CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscle ◽  
Submucosal Injection ◽  
Wall Flow ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Abstract Background: To observe the influence on morphology and internal airflow characteristics in upper airway in sleep apnea hypopnea by the disturbance of pharyngeal muscle group based on high simulation of the wall flow field. Methods: One goat for experimental purpose bought by our hospital in December 2018 was included as the research object. This experimental goat received injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into pharyngeal muscle group of upper respiratory tract. The goat received CT scan before and after injection. Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model was built on the base of CT scans by 3Dslicer 4.5 and MeshLab and ANSYS ICEM CFD 14.0. The internal flow of upper respiratory tract was simulated by ANSYS-FLUENT 14.0 and the results were analyzed by ANSYS-CFD-POST 14.0. Results: Soft palate and uvula were elongated and thickened and pharyngeal muscle group was disturbed after injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into the goat. The area that changed the most of upper airway was located in the lower bound of pharyngopalatiae, and it reduced area from 0.3602cm2 to 0.1699cm2; the air velocity was elevated from 3.53009m/s to 7.24478m/s, the negative pressure was elevated from -28.6184 Pa to -66.4510 Pa, while the resistance of cavum pharyngis elevated from 3396.09Pas/L to 3813.65Pas/L. Conclusion: Injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into pharyngeal muscle group of the goat would result in the disturbance of pharyngeal muscle group, narrow the upper respiratory tract, elevate the negative pressure and resistance of the upper respiratory tract in this area, bring about the collapsibility of the upper airway, obstruct the patency of the airflow and form the pathological model of OSAHS at last.

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