The Origins of Incivility in Nursing: How Reconstruction-Era Policies and Organizations Impacted Social Behavior Within the Nursing Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Erika Samman
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Freedmen's Bureau ◽  
Reconstruction Era ◽  
Black Codes ◽  
Early Reconstruction ◽  
The U.S

Historians and scholars from varied disciplines acknowledge the existence of race-based discriminatory policies at the turn of the 20th century. However, little attention has been given to how the Freedmen's Bureau and Black Codes in post-Civil War Reconstruction shaped and impacted social behavior within the nursing profession. This article sheds light on the origins of incivility in nursing by taking a closer look at how early Reconstruction-era policies, structures of hierarchy in the U.S. armed forces, and its nursing corps and in the Red Cross, impacted the profession. The argument is made that the tandem workings of these policies and organizations, which produced racially insensitive and discriminatory practices, primed and erected systems of structural racism that perpetuated incivility within the nursing profession.

scholarly journals THE U.S. FREEDMEN'S BUREAU IN POST-CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fleischman ◽  
Thomas Tyson ◽  
David Oldroyd
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
American South ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Black Children ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Freedmen's Bureau ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Codes ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Plantation System

The transition from slavery to freedom in the post-Civil War American South featured the efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau (FB) to help ex-slaves overcome an extremely hostile, racist environment that included the need to articulate new labor relations structures given the demise of the plantation system, to overcome the limitations on equality legislated by the infamous Black Codes, to address the pressing need to educate masses of highly illiterate black children, and the need to provide protection for freedmen from unscrupulous landowners. This paper seeks to measure the degree to which accounting and those performing accounting functions for the FB were able to ameliorate these dire conditions that have caused Reconstruction to be perceived as one of the most negative epochs in the history of American democracy.

Notice of Other Documents

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-314
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Government Printing ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
The U.S

The report issued by the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, in January 1975, concerns arms expenditures and sales made between 1963 and 1973. The 123-page document is composed mostly of two major parts: a country-by-country breakdown of arms trade for each of the years studied and a study contrasting each country's yearly military expenditures with its G.N.P., population size, and armed forces. The report (U.S. A.CD.A. Publication 74) may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for $2. Persons ordering from abroad (other than Canada and Mexico) should add 25 percent to the price to cover shipping charges.

Increasing Dissemination of the Soldier's Manual

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (145) ◽  
pp. 196-196
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
Geneva Conventions

This manual, as our readers know, reproduces and illustrates for the armed forces the essential provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The pilot edition of 10,000 copies in 1969 was sent by the ICRC to Governments and National Red Cross Societies. The booklet was revised according to their comments and published in pocket-size format. In 1971, and again in 1972, the English, French, Spanish and Arabic versions issued totalled 150,000 copies; 6,000 copies of a Portuguese version were also published.

Rip current rescues on unguarded beaches

Shore & Beach ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Aubrey Litzinger ◽  
Stephen Leatherman
Keyword(s):  
Young Person ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Rip Current ◽  
Rip Currents ◽  
Water Ring ◽  
The U.S

Rip currents are the greatest danger at surf beaches. Professional lifeguards rescue tens of thousands of people every year at U.S. beaches, but only a small percentage of the nation’s beaches are guarded. Oftentimes it is a young person who is caught in a rip current, and a bystander will attempt a rescue without a flotation device. The U.S. Lifesaving Association strongly suggests that this kind of rescue should not be undertaken because too often the rescuer will drown. Some coastal towns such as Cocoa Beach in Florida are now posting ring buoys on their unguarded beaches with the warning to throw, but not to go into the water. Ring buoys of two different weights were tested for efficiency when thrown in terms of distance and accuracy. The participants threw the ring buoys two different ways: one way of their choosing (un-instructed) and second by Red Cross recommendation (instructed). The buoyancy was also tested for each buoy. While these flotation devices have some merit, they clearly have limitations.

Meso-Level Racism in Medicine

Contexts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Ashley C. Rondini
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Medical Tests ◽  
The U.S

This article highlights that the standardization of medical care in the U.S. relies on clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), which indicate institutionalized norms about when and under what circumstances it is appropriate to administer specific medical tests and courses of treatment. However, when CPGs in medicine derive from medical research that was informed by since-debunked ideas about race, they may also facilitate structural racism.

ICRC surgical activities

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (284) ◽  
pp. 483-490
Author(s):  
Rémi Russbach ◽  
Robin Charles Gray ◽  
Robin Michael Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Army Medical ◽  
Geneva Conventions

The surgical activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross stem from the institution's general mandate to protect and assist the victims of armed conflict.The war wounded are thus only one category of the victims included in the ICRC's terms of reference.The ICRC's main role in relation to the war wounded is not to treat them, for this is primarily the responsibility of the governments involved in the conflict and hence their army medical services. The task of the ICRC is first and foremost to ensure that the belligerents are familiar with the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and apply them, that is, care for members of the enemy armed forces as well as their own and afford medical establishments and personnel the protection to which they are entitled.

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