A review of independent action compared to concentration addition as reference models for mixtures of compounds with different molecular target sites

2007 ◽  
Vol preprint (2008) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Cedergreen ◽  
Anne Christensen ◽  
Anja Kamper ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg K. Mathiassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Target ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Target Sites

A REVIEW OF INDEPENDENT ACTION COMPARED TO CONCENTRATION ADDITION AS REFERENCE MODELS FOR MIXTURES OF COMPOUNDS WITH DIFFERENT MOLECULAR TARGET SITES

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Cedergreen ◽  
Anne M. Christensen ◽  
Anja Kamper ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg K. Mathiassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Target ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Target Sites

scholarly journals The Acute Single and Mixture Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride and Deltamethrin to Guppy (Poecillia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rully Adi Nugroho ◽  
Cornelis van Gestel
Keyword(s):  
Dose Level ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Guppy Fish

Abstract Although herbicide and insecticide contamination of surface waters normally occurs in the form of mixtures, the toxicity interactions displayed by such mixtures have only rarely been characterized. This study evaluated the acute effects of single pesticides (paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, tested in their commercial formulations Gramoxone 276 SL and Decis 25EC) and their equitoxic mixtures on the survival of adult male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Mixture toxicity was evaluated against the reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). In the single treatments, the 72h LC10 and LC50 values were 1.5 and 6.0 mg a.s. L-1 and 0.53 and 3.6 µg a.s. L-1 for paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, respectively. The equitoxic mixtures showed significant paraquat dichloride-deltamethrin antagonism, both based on the CA and the IA model, without significant dose-level dependent deviations.

scholarly journals The Acute Single and Mixture Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride and Deltamethrin to Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Rully Adi Nugroho ◽  
Cornelis Adrianus Maria van Gestel
Keyword(s):  
Dose Level ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Guppy Fish

Although herbicide and insecticide contamination of surface waters normally occurs in the form of mixtures, the toxicity interactions displayed by such mixtures have only rarely been characterized. This study evaluated the acute effects of single pesticides (paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, tested in their commercial formulations Gramoxone 276 SL and Decis 25EC) and their equitoxic mixtures on the survival of adult male guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Mixture toxicity was evaluated against the reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). In the single treatments, the 72h LC10 and LC50 values were 1.5 and 6.0 mg a.s. L-1 and 0.53 and 3.6 µg a.s. L-1 for paraquat dichloride and deltamethrin, respectively. The equitoxic mixtures showed significant paraquat dichloride-deltamethrin antagonism, both based on the CA and the IA model, without significant dose-level dependent deviations.

scholarly journals Concentration Addition, Independent Action and Generalized Concentration Addition Models for Mixture Effect Prediction of Sex Hormone Synthesis In Vitro

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e70490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Hadrup ◽  
Camilla Taxvig ◽  
Mikael Pedersen ◽  
Christine Nellemann ◽  
Ulla Hass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Mixture Effect ◽  
Hormone Synthesis

Assessment and Prediction of Joint Toxicity of Aniline Derivatives

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 217-220
Author(s):  
Hui Lin Ge ◽  
Shu Shen Liu ◽  
Hong Qiu Yuan ◽  
Gui Hao Yin ◽  
Yi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Joint Toxicity ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Similarity Parameter ◽  
Toxicity Index ◽  
Aniline Derivatives ◽  
Toxic Units

The joint toxicity of aniline, 2-methylaniline, 3-methylaniline, 4-methylaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, and 4-chloroaniline on photobacterium were predicted and evaluated by using concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models, and joint effect indices including toxic units, additive index, mixture toxicity index, and similarity parameter. The tested mixture presented synergism.

scholarly journals Medicines, shaken and stirred: a critical review on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Backhaus
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Analytical Monitoring ◽  
Marine Flora

Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then followed by a critical review on the empirical evidence that is currently at hand on the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures. It is concluded that, while the classical concepts of Concentration Addition and Independent Action (Response Addition) provide a robust scientific footing, several knowledge gaps remain. This includes in particular the need for more and better empirical data on the effects of pharmaceutical mixtures on soil organisms as well as marine flora and fauna, and exploring the quantitative consequences of toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic and ecological interactions. Increased focus should be put on investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceutical mixtures in environmentally realistic settings.

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