scholarly journals Acid Phosphatase and Zinc Tests Are Effective for Semen Examination and Identification to Prove Intercourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yudianto ◽  
Ariyanto Wibowo ◽  
Indah Nuraini ◽  
Htet Htet Aung
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Vaginal Canal ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Test ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Phosphatase Enzyme

The presence of spermatozoa in vagina is a definite sign of sexual intercourse. However, sometimes microscopic examination does not find spermatozoa or reveals a false negative result. This is influenced by many factors, including the absence of ejaculate in the vaginal canal. In addition, there are other factors such as oligo/azoospermia, vasectomy, degeneration of sperm due to time, incorrect sampling, and improper storage. Therefore, examination of the other components of the ejaculate, ie. the enzyme acid phosphatase, choline and spermin, is important. Compared with spermatozoa, the enzyme phosphatase, choline and spermin have lower evidentiary value because these three components are less specific. However, the level of phosphatase enzyme found in the vagina is much lower than phosphatase enzyme that comes from prostate gland. In this study, as many as 192 samples in the form of patches with sperm/semen stains were tested with acid phosphatase test and zinc test through direct and indirect examination. Washing was carried out using 7 types of detergent for each 4 patch samples, and washing using water as control. The results showed very low sensitivity (0.186) and very high specificity (100%). This showed that both tests had high specificity values. Acid phosphatase test specifically showed the presence of the enzyme phosphatase, while zinc test specifically showed the presence of zinc in semen. This phosphohydrolase-phosphatase enzyme is easily degraded due to external factors, including temperature, humidity, and chemicals, ie. the element SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) that has the ability to cut enzymes. The weakness of the acid phosphatase test is that this enzyme is easily degraded, either partially or completely, due to external factors, such as temperature, humidity, heat, and the presence of chemicals.

scholarly journals Acid Phosphatase and Zinc Tests Are Effective for Semen Examination and Identification to Prove Intercourse

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Ahmad Yudianto ◽  
Ariyanto Wibowo ◽  
Indah Nuraini ◽  
Htet Htet Aung
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Vaginal Canal ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Test ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Phosphatase Enzyme

The presence of spermatozoa in vagina is a definite sign of sexual intercourse. However, sometimes microscopic examination does not find spermatozoa or reveals a false negative result. This is influenced by many factors, including the absence of ejaculate in the vaginal canal. In addition, there are other factors such as oligo/azoospermia, vasectomy, degeneration of sperm due to time, incorrect sampling, and improper storage. Therefore, examination of the other components of the ejaculate, ie. the enzyme acid phosphatase, choline and spermin, is important. Compared with spermatozoa, the enzyme phosphatase, choline and spermin have lower evidentiary value because these three components are less specific. However, the level of phosphatase enzyme found in the vagina is much lower than phosphatase enzyme that comes from prostate gland. In this study, as many as 192 samples in the form of patches with sperm/semen stains were tested with acid phosphatase test and zinc test through direct and indirect examination. In the first method, washing was carried out on day 1, day 7, and month 3, and testing was carried out after each washing. In the second method, washing was carried out simultaneously and testing was carried out on day 1, day 7 and month 3. Washing was carried out using 7 types of detergent for each 4 patch samples, and washing using water as control. The results showed very low sensitivity (0.186) and very high specificity (100%). This showed that both tests had high specificity values. Acid phosphatase test specifically showed the presence of the enzyme phosphatase, while zinc test specifically showed the presence of zinc in semen. This phosphohydrolase-phosphatase enzyme is easily degraded due to external factors, including temperature, humidity, and chemicals, ie. the element SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) that has the ability to cut enzymes. The weakness of the acid phosphatase test is that this enzyme is easily degraded, either partially or completely, due to external factors, such as temperature, humidity, heat, and the presence of chemicals.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease.Methods: Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40-85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis)agreement or (in)validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results: Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24% and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61% and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97% and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14% and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions.Conclusion: Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

scholarly journals Avoiding COVID-19 Hospital Outbreaks: RT-PCR Swab and Clinical Assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Allievi ◽  
Amedeo Bongarzoni ◽  
Guido Tassinario ◽  
Stefano Carugo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
High False Negative Rate ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swab test for COVID-19 diagnosis has a high specificity but also a low sensitivity. The high false-negative rate and the overconfidence in negative results sometimes lead to hospital outbreaks. Therefore, we recommend always integrating the clinical assessment in the diagnostic process, mostly after the test, to determine what degree of confidence can be attributed to a negative result.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and specificity of loss of heterozygosity analysis for the classification of rare germline variants in BRCA1/2: results of the observational AGO-TR1 study (NCT02222883)

2020 ◽  
pp. jmedgenet-2020-107353
Author(s):  
Jan Hauke ◽  
Philipp Harter ◽  
Corinna Ernst ◽  
Alexander Burges ◽  
Sandra Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loss Of Heterozygosity ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Germline Variants ◽  
Variants Of Unknown Significance ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Variant-specific loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses may be useful to classify BRCA1/2 germline variants of unknown significance (VUS). The sensitivity and specificity of this approach, however, remains unknown. We performed comparative next-generation sequencing analyses of the BRCA1/2 genes using blood-derived and tumour-derived DNA of 488 patients with ovarian cancer enrolled in the observational AGO-TR1 trial (NCT02222883). Overall, 94 pathogenic, 90 benign and 24 VUS were identified in the germline. A significantly increased variant fraction (VF) of a germline variant in the tumour indicates loss of the wild-type allele; a decreased VF indicates loss of the variant allele. We demonstrate that significantly increased VFs predict pathogenicity with high sensitivity (0.84, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.91), poor specificity (0.63, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.73) and poor positive predictive value (PPV; 0.71, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.79). Significantly decreased VFs predict benignity with low sensitivity (0.26, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.35), high specificity (1.0, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00) and PPV (1.0, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.00). Variant classification based on significantly increased VFs results in an unacceptable proportion of false-positive results. A significantly decreased VF in the tumour may be exploited as a reliable predictor for benignity, with no false-negative result observed. When applying the latter approach, VUS identified in four patients can now be considered benign. Trial registration numberNCT02222883.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease. Methods Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40–85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis) agreement or (in) validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24 and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61 and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97 and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14 and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions. Conclusion Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

scholarly journals Experience in the implementation of the early warning sign system in obstetric patients (Maternal Early Warning Criteria, MEWC) during early postpartum. A prospective observational study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ibanez ◽  
Ruben Casans-Frances ◽  
Soledad Bellas ◽  
Luis Enrique Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Warning System ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of an early warning system in obstetric patients (MEWC) during the first two hours after delivery in a single tertiary-care hospital. Methods: The MEWC system implementation was carried out from 15th March to 15th September 2018, over 1166 patients. The parameters collected were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, diuresis, uterine involution, and bleeding. If a parameter was not within defined limits, an obstetrician first examined the patient, determining the need to call the anesthesiologist. We carried out a sensitivity-specificity study of the trigger and multivariate analysis of the factors involved in developing potentially fatal disorders (PFD), reintervention, critical care admission, and stay. Results: The protocol was triggered in 75 patients (6.43%). The leading cause of alarm activation was the altered systolic blood pressure (32 [42.7%] patients), and eleven developed PFD. Twenty-eight patients were false-negatives. Sensitivity and specificity of MEWC protocol were 0.28 (0.15, 0.45) and 0.94 (0.93, 0.96), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed a relationship between alarm activation and PFD. Conclusion: Our MEWC protocol presented low sensitivity and high specificity, having a significant number of false-negative patients.

scholarly journals Detection of Antinuclear Antibodies by Solid-Phase Immunoassays and Immunofluorescence Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2141-2147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens Fenger ◽  
Allan Wiik ◽  
Mimi Høier-Madsen ◽  
Jens J Lykkegaard ◽  
Teresa Rozenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Disease ◽  
Antinuclear Antibodies ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassays ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are associated with several inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The aim of the present work was to evaluate enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and compare them with classic immunofluorescent analysis (IFA) for the detection of ANA. Methods: Seven enzyme immunoassays were used in this study. All assays were applied as described by the manufacturers. Three populations were included in the study: (a) a population of patients with well-established autoimmune inflammatory disease (n = 102); (b) a population in which a rheumatic disease was diagnosed up to 5 years after an IFA was performed (n = 164); and (c) a population of consecutive outpatients suspected to have a rheumatic disease (n = 101). The current clinical diagnoses of the patients served as the standard against which performance of the assays was evaluated. Results: In patients with well-established rheumatic disorders, the newly developed EIA in which HEp-2 extracts were included had sensitivities and specificities comparable to or in some instances better than the IFA. The assays without HEp-2 extracts included had significantly lower sensitivities and specificities. In the outpatient population, up to 51% of patients had positive ANA tests that did not correspond to classic ANA-associated disease. However, in the assays in which the HEp-2 extracts were not included, the false-positive rate was <10%. The false-negative rate judged against IFA differed from assay to assay and disease to disease and was mostly <10%. Conclusions: In this study, the sensitivities of EIAs and IFA were largely comparable. However, EIAs without HEp-2 extracts included had a low sensitivity but a high specificity, particularly in nonselected populations. The choice of test is highly dependent on the clinical setting in which the ANA test is to be used and on laboratory policy.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease.Methods: Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40-85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis)agreement or (in)validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results: Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24% and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61% and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97% and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14% and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions.Conclusion: Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

scholarly journals Understanding the Social Construction of Health by Incorporating Biomarker in the Contemporary China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
donghong xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Researchers interested in the effect of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, the measured biomarker is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease. Objectives: The study aimed to examine the discrepancy between the reporting and biomarkers of hypertension and diabetes in the contemporary China, and explore sociodemographic characteristics that are correlated with misreporting. Methods: Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40-85 years old who participated in both a health interview survey and a biomarker examination. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis)agreements or (in)validity. Binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results: Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (71.98% and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.71% and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.85% and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.85% and 7.38%. Education degree, hukou, age and gender affected both the specific error and the overall error of reporting hypertension and diabetes, but there were some differences in the magnitude and direction. Conclusion: Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy allowing better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health, especially collecting biological indicators for populations with limited access to regular healthcare in China. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, to facilitate access to healthcare and make focused interventions to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

The Demonstration of Human Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (Pap) With Phosphorylcholine

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
José A. Serrano ◽  
Hannah L. Wasserkrug ◽  
Anna A. Serrano ◽  
Arnold M. Seligman
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Human Prostate ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Lysosomal Acid ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer

As previously reported (1, 2) phosphorylcholine (PC) is a specific substrate for prostatatic acid phosphatase (PAP) as opposed to other acid phosphatases, e.g., lysosomal acid phosphatase. The specificity of PC for PAP is due to the pentavalent nitrogen in PC, a feature that renders PC resistant to hydrolysis by all other acid phosphatases. Detailed comparative cytochemical results in rat tissues are in press. This report deals with ultracytochemical results applying the method to normal and pathological human prostate gland.Fresh human prostate was obtained from 7 patients having transurethral resections or radical prostatectomies. The tissue was fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde- 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for 15 min, sectioned at 50 μm on a Sorvall TC-2 tissue sectioner, refixed for a total of 2 hr, and rinsed overnight in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4)-7.5% sucrose.

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