scholarly journals Katharina Schütz Zell, Idelette de Bure, and Reformed Women’s Views and Experience of Marriage

Author(s):  
Elsie McKee

The Protestant movement had a significantly positive effect on early modern understandings of marriage, and women of the Reformed tradition participated actively in these changes.  Protestants rejected celibacy as a good work to earn God’s favor and elevated marriage as an ideal for Christians, including for clergy.  One way that Reformed women expressed their faith was by marrying priests, thus acting on their conviction of Biblical authority (e.g., 1 Tim. 3) over canon law which prohibited clerical marriage.  Former nuns, citizens of good reputation, married reformers as expressions of faith.  A second way that Reformed women contributed to the new ideal of marriage was by the ways that they managed their households, making these models of hospitality and partnership in following Christ.  A number of Reformed women chose exile for their faith and their Protestant husbands.  A few, like Katharina Schütz Zell, were articulate in defending their decision to marry priests and their calling to serve as “church mothers.”  Some Reformed women, like Anne Askew, demonstrated their loyalty to their faith by rejecting marriage when it came to a choice between their faith and their marriages – or their lives.O movimento protestante teve um efeito significativamente positivo nos começos da compreensão moderna sobre o casamento, e as mulheres da tradição reformada participaram ativamente nestas mudanças. Os protestantes rejeitaram o celibato como boa obra para alcançar o favor de Deus e consideraram o casamento como um ideal para os cristãos, inclusive para o clero. Uma maneira que as mulheres reformadas expressaram a sua fé foi casando-se com sacerdotes, agindo desta forma a partir de suas convicções sobre autoridade bíblica (por exemplo, 1 Tm 3) em oposição à lei canônica que proibia o casamento clerical. Antigas freiras, cidadãs de boa reputação, casaram-se com os reformadores como expressões de fé. Uma segunda maneira que as mulheres reformadas contribuíram para o novo ideal de casamento foi pela maneira como administravam suas famílias, tornando-as modelos de hospitalidade e parceria no seguimento de Cristo. Algumas mulheres reformadas escolheram o exílio por causa de sua fé e seus maridos protestantes. Outras, como Katharina Schütz Zell, defenderam a decisão de se casarem com os sacerdotes e seu chamado para servir como “mães da igreja”. Outras ainda, como Anne Askew, demonstraram lealdade à sua fé ao rejeitar o casamento quando se tratava de uma escolha entre a fé e o casamento - ou suas vidas.

Author(s):  
Marie Seong-Hak Kim

Ancien régime France did not have a unified law. Legal relations of the people were governed by a disorganized amalgam of norms, including provincial and local customs (coutumes), elements of Roman law and canon law that together formed jus commune, royal edicts and ordinances, and judicial decisions, all coexisting with little apparent internal coherence. The multiplicity of laws and the fragmentation of jurisdiction were the defining features of the monarchical era. A key subject in European legal history is the metamorphosis of popular customs into customary law, which covered a broad spectrum of what we call today private law. This book sets forth the evolution of law in late medieval and early modern France, from the thirteenth through the end of the eighteenth century, with particular emphasis on the royal campaigns to record and reform customs in the sixteenth century. The codification of customs in the name of the king solidified the legislative authority of the crown, the essential element of the absolute monarchy. Achievements of French legal humanism brought French custom and Roman law together to lay the foundation for the French law. The Civil Code of 1804 was the culmination of these centuries of work. Juristic, political, and constitutional approaches to the early modern state allow an understanding of French history in a continuum.


Author(s):  
David S. Sytsma

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book and briefly discusses how Baxter’s relation to mechanical philosophy relates to later nonconformist and Puritan tradition. Although Baxter’s response to mechanical philosophy included Cartesianism, he gave greater weight to Pierre Gassendi’s Christian Epicureanism than theologians in the Netherlands, and this fact points to the importance of Gassendi’s philosophy in seventeenth-century England. Baxter’s negative response to the philosophy of Descartes and Gassendi points to an important discontinuity in early modern Puritanism and nonconformity. Later theological leaders working in this tradition such as Isaac Watts, Philip Doddridge, and Jonathan Edwards were far more favorable toward mechanical philosophy. This discontinuity highlights the variegated nature of the larger Puritan and Reformed tradition.


Perichoresis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Räihä

Abstract The history of the parishioners’ right to participate in and influence the choice of local clergy in Sweden and Finland can be taken back as far as the late Medieval Times. The procedures for electing clergymen are described in historiography as a specifically Nordic feature and as creating the basis of local self-government. In this article the features of local self-government are studied in a context where the scope for action was being modified. The focus is on the parishioners’ possibilities and willingness to influence the appointment of pastors in the Lutheran parishes of the Russo-Swedish borderlands in the 18th century. At the same time, this article will offer the first comprehensive presentation of the procedures for electing pastors in the Consistory District of Fredrikshamn. The Treaty of Åbo, concluded between Sweden and Russia in 1743, ensured that the existing Swedish law, including the canon law of 1686, together with the old Swedish privileges and statutes, as well as the freedom to practise the Lutheran religion, remained in force in the area annexed into Russia. By analysing the actual process of appointing pastors, it is possible to discuss both the development of the local political culture and the interaction between the central power and the local society in the late Early Modern era.


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