scholarly journals Evidence that Homeostatic Sleep Regulation Depends on Ambient Illuminance Levels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Cajochen ◽  
Carolin Reichert ◽  
Micheline Maire ◽  
Luc J M Schlangen ◽  
Christina Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
White Light ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Older Volunteers ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
Dim Light

We examined whether the ambient illuminance during extended wakefulness modulates the homeostatic increase in human deep sleep [i.e. slow wave sleep (SWS) and electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA)] in healthy young and older volunteers. Thirty-eight young and older participants underwent 40 hours of extended wakefulness [i.e. sleep deprivation (SD)] once under dim light (DL: 8 lux, 2800K), and once under either white light (WL: 250 lux, 2800K) or blue-enriched white light (BL: 250 lux, 9000K) exposure. Subjective sleepiness was assessed hourly and polysomnography was quantified during the baseline night prior to the 40-h SD and during the subsequent recovery night. Both the young and older participants responded with a higher homeostatic sleep response to 40-h SD after WL and BL than after DL. This was indexed by a significantly faster intra-night accumulation of SWS and a significantly higher response in relative EEG SWA during the recovery night after WL and BL than after DL for both age groups. No significant differences were observed between the WL and BL condition for these two particular SWS and SWA measures. Subjective sleepiness ratings during the 40-h SD were significantly reduced under both WL and BL compared to DL, but were not significantly associated with markers of sleep homeostasis in both age groups. Our data indicate that not only the duration of prior wakefulness, but also the experienced illuminance during wakefulness affects homeostatic sleep regulation in humans. Thus, working extended hours under low illuminance may negatively impact subsequent sleep intensity in humans.

scholarly journals Evidence That Homeostatic Sleep Regulation Depends on Ambient Lighting Conditions during Wakefulness

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Cajochen ◽  
Carolin Reichert ◽  
Micheline Maire ◽  
Luc J. M. Schlangen ◽  
Christina Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
White Light ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Older Volunteers ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Ambient Lighting ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness

We examined whether ambient lighting conditions during extended wakefulness modulate the homeostatic response to sleep loss as indexed by. slow wave sleep (SWS) and electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) in healthy young and older volunteers. Thirty-eight young and older participants underwent 40 hours of extended wakefulness [i.e., sleep deprivation (SD)] once under dim light (DL: 8 lux, 2800 K), and once under either white light (WL: 250 lux, 2800 K) or blue-enriched white light (BL: 250 lux, 9000 K) exposure. Subjective sleepiness was assessed hourly and polysomnography was quantified during the baseline night prior to the 40-h SD and during the subsequent recovery night. Both the young and older participants responded with a higher homeostatic sleep response to 40-h SD after WL and BL than after DL. This was indexed by a significantly faster intra-night accumulation of SWS and a significantly higher response in relative EEG SWA during the recovery night after WL and BL than after DL for both age groups. No significant differences were observed between the WL and BL condition for these two particular SWS and SWA measures. Subjective sleepiness ratings during the 40-h SD were significantly reduced under both WL and BL compared to DL, but were not significantly associated with markers of sleep homeostasis in both age groups. Our data indicate that not only the duration of prior wakefulness, but also the experienced illuminance during wakefulness affects homeostatic sleep regulation in humans. Thus, working extended hours under low illuminance may negatively impact subsequent sleep intensity in humans.

scholarly journals Reduced sleep pressure in young children with autism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Arazi ◽  
Gal Meiri ◽  
Dor Danan ◽  
Analya Michaelovski ◽  
Hagit Flusser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis

AbstractStudy ObjectivesSleep disturbances and insomnia are highly prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Sleep homeostasis, a fundamental mechanism of sleep regulation that generates pressure to sleep as a function of wakefulness, has not been studied in children with ASD so far, and its potential contribution to their sleep disturbances remains unknown. Here, we examined whether slow wave activity (SWA), a measure that is indicative of sleep pressure, differs in children with ASD.MethodsIn this case-control study, we compared overnight electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings that were performed during Polysomnography (PSG) evaluations of 29 children with ASD and 23 typically developing children.ResultsChildren with ASD exhibited significantly weaker SWA power, shallower SWA slopes, and a decreased proportion of slow wave sleep in comparison to controls. This difference was largest during the first two hours following sleep onset and decreased gradually thereafter. Furthermore, SWA power of children with ASD was significantly, negatively correlated with the time of their sleep onset in the lab and at home, as reported by parents.ConclusionsThese results suggest that children with ASD may have a dysregulation of sleep homeostasis that is manifested in reduced sleep pressure. The extent of this dysregulation in individual children was apparent in the amplitude of their SWA power, which was indicative of the severity of their individual sleep disturbances. We, therefore, suggest that disrupted homeostatic sleep regulation may contribute to sleep disturbances in children with ASD.Statement of significanceSleep disturbances are apparent in 40-80% of children with autism. Homeostatic sleep regulation, a mechanism that increases the pressure to sleep as a function of prior wakefulness, has not been studied in children with autism. Here, we compared Polysomnography exams of 29 children with autism and 23 matched controls. We found that children with autism exhibited reduced slow-wave-activity power and shallower slopes, particularly during the first two hours of sleep. This suggests that they develop less pressure to sleep. Furthermore, the reduction in slow-wave-activity was associated with the severity of sleep disturbances as observed in the laboratory and as reported by parents. We, therefore, suggest that disrupted homeostatic sleep regulation may contribute to sleep disturbances of children with autism.

Effects of sleep deprivation in neonatal rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. R148-R157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos G. Frank ◽  
Roger Morrissette ◽  
H. Craig Heller
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Show Evidence

This investigation represents the first systematic study of sleep homeostasis in developing mammals that spans the preweaning and postweaning periods. Neonatal rats from 12 to 24 days of postnatal life ( P12– P24) were anesthetized with Metofane (methoxyflurane) and implanted with miniaturized electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic electrodes. After 48 h of recovery, neonatal rats were sleep deprived for 3 h by either gentle handling or forced locomotion. We find that 3-h sleep deprivation produces dramatically different compensatory responses at different stages of postnatal development. In striking contrast to adult rats, sleep deprivation does not increase slow-wave sleep EEG delta (0.5–4.0 Hz) activity in rats younger than P24. However, P12– P20rats do show evidence of sleep regulation because they show compensatory increases in sleep time and sleep continuity during recovery. In P12 rats, ∼90% of total slow wave sleep time lost during the sleep-deprivation period was recovered during subsequent sleep. A similar recovery of active sleep time was observed in P20– P24rats. These findings suggest not only that sleep is regulated in neonatal rats but that the accumulation and/or discharge of sleep need changes dramatically between the third and fourth postnatal weeks.

scholarly journals Reduced sleep pressure in young children with autism

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Arazi ◽  
Gal Meiri ◽  
Dor Danan ◽  
Analya Michaelovski ◽  
Hagit Flusser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep disturbances and insomnia are highly prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Sleep homeostasis, a fundamental mechanism of sleep regulation that generates pressure to sleep as a function of wakefulness, has not been studied in children with ASD so far, and its potential contribution to their sleep disturbances remains unknown. Here, we examined whether slow-wave activity (SWA), a measure that is indicative of sleep pressure, differs in children with ASD. Methods In this case-control study, we compared overnight electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings that were performed during Polysomnography (PSG) evaluations of 29 children with ASD and 23 typically developing children. Results Children with ASD exhibited significantly weaker SWA power, shallower SWA slopes, and a decreased proportion of slow-wave sleep in comparison to controls. This difference was largest during the first 2 hours following sleep onset and decreased gradually thereafter. Furthermore, SWA power of children with ASD was significantly negatively correlated with the time of their sleep onset in the lab and at home, as reported by parents. Conclusions These results suggest that children with ASD may have a dysregulation of sleep homeostasis that is manifested in reduced sleep pressure. The extent of this dysregulation in individual children was apparent in the amplitude of their SWA power, which was indicative of the severity of their individual sleep disturbances. We, therefore, suggest that disrupted homeostatic sleep regulation may contribute to sleep disturbances in children with ASD.

Homeostatic Response to Sleep Restriction in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Skorucak ◽  
Nathan Weber ◽  
Mary A Carskadon ◽  
Chelsea Reynolds ◽  
Scott Coussens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Homeostatic Response ◽  
Chronic Sleep

Abstract The high prevalence of chronic sleep restriction in adolescents underscores the importance of understanding how adolescent sleep is regulated under such conditions. One component of sleep regulation is a homeostatic process: if sleep is restricted, then sleep intensity increases. Our knowledge of this process is primarily informed by total sleep deprivation studies and has been incorporated in mathematical models of human sleep regulation. Several animal studies, however, suggest that adaptation occurs in chronic sleep restriction conditions, showing an attenuated or even decreased homeostatic response. We investigated the homeostatic response of adolescents to different sleep opportunities. Thirty-four participants were allocated to one of three groups with 5, 7.5 or 10 h of sleep opportunity per night for 5 nights. Each group underwent a protocol of 9 nights designed to mimic a school week between 2 weekends: 2 baseline nights (10 h sleep opportunity), 5 condition nights (5, 7.5 or 10 h), and two recovery nights (10 h). Measures of sleep homeostasis (slow-wave activity and slow-wave energy) were calculated from frontal and central EEG derivations and compared to predictions derived from simulations of the homeostatic process of the two-process model of sleep regulation. Only minor differences were found between empirical data and model predictions, indicating that sleep homeostasis is preserved under chronic sleep restriction in adolescents. These findings improve our understanding of effects of repetitive short sleep in adolescents.

EEG delta power and auditory arousal in rested and sleep-deprived rabbits

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. R648-R655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Opp ◽  
L. A. Toth ◽  
E. A. Tolley
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Delta Power ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Behavioral Responsiveness

Slow-wave activity in the electroencephalogram is thought to reflect the depth or intensity of sleep. This hypothesis is primarily derived from studies of rats or humans. However, some characteristics of sleep of rabbits differ from those of rats or humans. To determine whether slow-wave activity (power density in the delta frequency band of 0.5-5.0 Hz) correlates with arousability in rabbits, we presented auditory stimuli (72-90 dB) to control or sleep-deprived animals during slow-wave sleep. The resulting behavioral responses, defined by changes in eye state and body posture, and the latency to return to sleep were used as measures of arousability. Behavioral responsiveness to auditory stimuli increased with increasing stimulus intensity in both control and sleep-deprived animals. Overall, however, sleep-deprived animals exhibited fewer postural changes and eye openings than did control rabbits. Sleep-deprived rabbits also more rapidly returned to sleep after the stimulus presentation than did control animals. Latency to return to sleep was correlated with delta power before stimulus presentation, but behavioral responsiveness was not. These data suggest that, in this rabbit model, delta power may not be predictive of behavioral arousability but may reflect sleep propensity.

Changes in sleep quality of athletes under normobaric hypoxia equivalent to 2,000-m altitude: a polysomnographic study

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2005-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Hoshikawa ◽  
Sunao Uchida ◽  
Takayuki Sugo ◽  
Yasuko Kumai ◽  
Yoshiteru Hanai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Fast Fourier Transformation ◽  
Urinary Catecholamines ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness

This study evaluated the sleep quality of athletes in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 2,000 m. Eight male athletes slept in normoxic condition (NC) and hypoxic conditions equivalent to those at 2,000-m altitude (HC). Polysomnographic recordings of sleep included the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram, chin surface electromyogram, and electrocardiogram. Thoracic and abdominal motion, nasal and oral airflow, and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) were also recorded. Standard visual sleep stage scoring and fast Fourier transformation analyses of the EEG were performed on 30-s epochs. Subjective sleepiness and urinary catecholamines were also monitored. Mean SaO2 decreased and respiratory disturbances increased with HC. The increase in respiratory disturbances was significant, but the increase was small and subclinical. The duration of slow-wave sleep (stage 3 and 4) and total delta power (<3 Hz) of the all-night non-rapid eye movement sleep EEG decreased for HC compared with NC. Subjective sleepiness and amounts of urinary catecholamines did not differ between the conditions. These results indicate that acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia equivalent to that at 2,000-m altitude decreased slow-wave sleep in athletes, but it did not change subjective sleepiness or amounts of urinary catecholamines.

Sleep regulation in rats: effects of sleep deprivation, light, and circadian phase

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. R1037-R1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Trachsel ◽  
I. Tobler ◽  
A. A. Borbely
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Circadian Phase ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia

Sleep states and electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters were determined in unrestrained rats that had been implanted with electrodes under deep pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. Two base-line days with a light-dark cycle (LD) and 2 days under continuous darkness (DD) were followed by 24 h of sleep deprivation (SD) ending in the middle of the circadian activity period and by 2 recovery days in DD. In the base-line LD rest period, the amount of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) and the EEG amplitude of non-REMS (NREMS) were lower than in the corresponding DD period. SD caused an immediate enhancement of REMS, NREMS, the slow-wave sleep (SWS) fraction of NREMS, and NREMS EEG amplitude. Although REMS, NREMS, and SWS showed a second peak at habitual light onset, they did not exceed base line. Subsequently, all parameters exhibited a marked negative rebound. We conclude that REMS and the EEG amplitude of NREMS are suppressed by light, amplitude and frequency parameters of NREMS are differently affected by light as well as by SD, and the short duration of the SD-induced increase of SWS may reflect a circadian influence on sleep homeostasis.

scholarly journals Relationship of sleep homeostasis to seizures and cognition in children with focal epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria H Eriksson ◽  
Torsten Baldeweg ◽  
Ronit Pressler ◽  
Stewart G Boyd ◽  
Reto Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Focal Epilepsy ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Iq Testing ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Interictal Discharges ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjectiveSleep disruption and cognitive impairment are important co-morbidities in childhood epilepsy, yet a mechanistic link has not been substantiated. Slow wave activity during sleep and its homeostatic decrease across the night is associated with synaptic renormalisation, and shows maturational changes over the course of childhood. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of epilepsy on sleep homeostasis in the developing brain.MethodsWe examined the relationship of sleep homeostasis as reflected in slow wave activity to seizures, cognition and behaviour, comparing 22 children (aged 6 to 16 years) with focal epilepsy to 21 age-matched healthy controls. Participants underwent overnight sleep EEG and IQ testing and performed memory consolidation tasks. Their parents completed standard behavioural questionnaires.ResultsChildren with epilepsy had lower slow wave activity at the start of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, though similar overnight decline and slow wave activity in the final hour of NREM sleep. Both groups displayed an antero-posterior shift in peak slow wave activity overnight, though individual patients showed persistent local increases at scalp locations matching those of focal interictal discharges. Patients who had seizures during their admission had lower early-night slow wave activity, the group without seizures showing similar activity to controls. We found a positive correlation between full scale IQ and early-night slow wave activity in patients but not controls.InterpretationReduced early night slow wave activity in children with focal epilepsies is correlated with lower cognitive ability and more seizures and may reflect a reduction in learning-related synaptic potentiation.

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