Comparative Anatomy of the Nuchal Ligament Lamellae and Cervical Interspinous Ligament in Zebrines (Horse and Zebra) and Asinines (Donkey)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon May-Davis ◽  
Robert Hunter ◽  
Wendy Y. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Dorsal Spine ◽  
Domestic Horse ◽  
Interspinous Ligament ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Nuchal Ligament

A recent study postulated the reduction in nuchal ligament lamellae attachments from C2-C7 to primarily C2-C5, occurred after domestication in modern horse (Equus caballus). It further identified that close relatives of E. caballus still retained the nuchal ligament lamellae from C2-C7, whether the equid was a zebrine or asinine. To date, the morphology of the attachment sites of the nuchal ligament lamellae to the cervical vertebrae between zebrines and asinines have not been investigated. In this study, zebrines were represented by domestic horse, Przewalski’s horse, close descendants of Equus ferus ferus and zebra; asinines were represented by donkeys. Comparative anatomy revealed that in zebrines the nuchal ligament lamellae attached to the eminence of the cervical dorsal spines with triangular apertures between each attachment and when attached to C6 and C7, the apertures elongated dorsally. Furthermore, the cervical interspinous ligament attached to each cervical dorsal spine forming a ligamentous base to each aperture from C2-T1. In asinines, the findings revealed the nuchal ligament lamellae attached to the entire dorsal eminence including the cervical dorsal spines from C2-C7, and neither apertures nor cervical interspinous ligaments were present. These informative results may benefit studies involving equid biomechanics and Palaeontologists identifying individual cervical specimens.

scholarly journals A comparative morphological study of the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamenta interspinalia reveals enthesis patterns at the sites of attachment from the second to seventh cervical vertebrae in four extant species of Equus

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon May-Davis ◽  
Robert Hunter ◽  
Wendy Brown
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Dorsal Spine ◽  
Spine Morphology ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Extant Species

Morphological variation in the attachment sites of the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamentainterspinalia to the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae is described in four species of Equus, and enthesis patterns inrelation to these attachment sites are explored. This comparative study provides new insights with respect tothis variation in the zebrine and asinine clades within Equus. In zebrines (Equus caballus, E. quagga boehmiand E. przewalskii), the ligamentum lamina nuchae attaches to the eminence of the cervical dorsal spinesfrom either the 2nd to 5th, and or 2nd to 7th. These attachments resemble digits and between each digit anaperture is apparent. The ligamenta interspinalia attach to the base of each cervical dorsal spine from the 2ndto 7th before progressing caudally onto the thoracic dorsal spines. Three enthesis patterns per cervical dorsalspine correspond to the size and shape of these ligaments. In contrast, in asinines (as represented by Equusasinus), the ligamentum lamina nuchae attaches without digitation to the complete sagittal ridge of the cervicalvertebra including the dorsal spine and exhibits no ligamenta interspinalia. Consequently, the enthesispattern is represented by a raised sagittal ridge only, excluding the 7th cervical dorsal spine. These differencesbetween the ligamentum lamina nuchae and ligamenta interspinalia attachment sites create distinct enthesispatterns that differentiate zebrines from asinines. Findings include: differing ligamentous morphology; associatedenthesis patterns corresponding to attachment sites of the ligaments to the cervical vertebrae; influencesin dorsal spine morphology subject to the presence or absence of the ligaments; and the postulation ofevolutionary functional adaptions in response to environmental influences between the two Equus clades.These results may be useful for palaeontologists in the identification of isolated cervical vertebrae.

Equus caballus (Domestic horse)

1967 ◽  
pp. 131-133
Author(s):  
T. C. Hsu ◽  
Kurt Benirschke
Keyword(s):  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Domestic Horse

Characterization of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) karyotype using G-and C-banding techniques

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1146-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Buckland ◽  
Judith M. Fletcher ◽  
Ann C. Chandley
Keyword(s):  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Domestic Horse ◽  
C Banding

scholarly journals Comparative Anatomy of Axial Skeleton of Red-eared Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied 1838) and Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea, Boddaert 1770)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Hanif Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi ◽  
Fadhilatul Ilmi ◽  
Ida Khoirunnisa ◽  
Takrima Takrima
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Trachemys Scripta Elegans ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Softshell Turtles

Red-eared turtle and softshell turtles belong Cryptodira Suborder which has a different characteristic in neck length and head movement. The aim of this study was to determine of the axial skeleton anatomical structure including vertebrae, carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans Wied, 1838) and softshell turtles (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert, 1770) females. This research was carried out for five months starting from September 2013 to January 2014. The methods used in this study were th e X-Ray method, boiled bone and Alizarin Red S-Alcian blue staining. The result of research was analyzed descriptively comparatively by direct observation using a digital camera. Based on the results of the study the Red-eared turtle tortoise has a number of 7 cervical vertebrae, 9th vertebrae, sacral vertebrae 1 segment and vertebrae caudalis 27 segments. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis of the cervix elongate thus affecting the limited lateral movement. The thoracic center of the vertebrae adjusts the shape of the carapace. The sacralis vertebrae have 1 centrum segment extending on the lateral side attached to the carapace called the lateral pars, the caudal centrum is short and there is a shortened anterior zygapophysis structure. Whereas softshell turtles   have slender and long centrums. The anterior and posterior zygapophysis are smaller and allow the softshell turtles to perform more lateral movements. Centrum vertebrae of the thorachalis have a flat shape adjusting the shape of the carapace. Sacralis vertebrae have 2 centrum and 2 lateral pars extending and meeting each other to form a hole sacralia pelvina, centrum vertebrae caudalis extends and there is a neural spinal structure. Carapace of the red-eared turtle consists of fused pieces. Whereas the carapace in the softshell turtles consists of pieces covered by cartilage. The constituent component of carapace and plastron of the red-eared turtle consists of true bones completely, while the constituent components of the carapace and plastron of softshell turtles consist of true bones and cartilage on the sides and connective between the carapace and plastron.

scholarly journals Haemoparasites Status of Domestic Horse (Equus caballus) at two Polo Fields in South Southern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Amawulu ◽  
Eze Chinwe Nwa ◽  
Francis Godswisdom
Keyword(s):  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Domestic Horse ◽  
Southern Nigeria

Effect of Active Head Restraint on Cervical Vertebrae Injuries Lessening

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wen Zhou ◽  
Si Qi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Longitudinal Velocity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Interspinous Ligament ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Ligamenta Flava

A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck was built to evaluate the effect of active head restraint on cervical vertebrae injuries lessening in vehicle rear impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. The BioRID-II adult male dummy restrained using safety belt was seated on a sled, whose longitudinal velocity measured from rear impact FEM simulation was applied to simulate the relative motion of the head and neck. According to the interspinous ligament loads and the ligamenta flava loads of the cervical spine, an active head restraint and an impact absorber were designed to lessening the neck injuries in vehicle rear end collisions.

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