scholarly journals The Small Intestine, an Underestimated Site of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Red Queen Effect to Probiotics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Feng ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Wei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Red Queen Hypothesis ◽  
Binding Modes ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Essential Point ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

Understanding how the coronaviruses invade our body is an essential point, and the expression profile of coronaviruses receptor may help us to find where the coronavirus infects our body. We found that the coronavirus receptors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2, are digestion-related enzymes in human enterocytes. Coronaviruses are continually altering the binding receptor and binding modes during their evolution, but the potential target cell in the small intestine is constant when in the lung is inconstant. Enterocytes may act as a conserved cell reservoir for coronaviruses, which may be partially explained by the Red Queen hypothesis. We also found that coronaviruses receptors could be elevated in the presence of both invasive bacteria and their counterpart, probiotics. We demonstrated here that enterocytes act as a conserved cell reservoir for coronaviruses during their evolutions, which should not be ignored in the investigation of coronavirus diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Building Inclusive States

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Daron Acemoglu ◽  
James A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
State And Society ◽  
And Control ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

Fragility arises when states are ineffective and when they are also illegitimate and unaccountable. These features are interconnected. People don’t want to cooperate with, or cede resources to, a state they cannot influence. We present a simple framework where the key to exiting fragility is a balance between the state and society. The state needs to develop more capacity, but to do this society needs to develop the ability to discipline and control it. We emphasize the existence of this type of “virtuous circle”—a phenomenon we call the “Red Queen effect.” We argue that the way of thinking about state-building is in terms of both widening the corridor in which the Red Queen effect operates and devising strategies to get into the corridor. We show how the framework helps account for the diminishing fragility of the state in post-apartheid South Africa, Somaliland, Sierra Leone, and Colombia.

G-20 Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Keyword(s):  
World System ◽  
Evolutionary Stability ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

This chapter applies the ? model to the G-20 countries. The model suggests that the group is not homogenous. Some G-20 countries are economically efficient, while others are not. The jurisdictional footprints of these countries help explain the efficiency differences. The chapter introduces an evolutionary construct, the Red Queen Effect (RQE) to further explain the evolutionary stability of the world-system. The chapter also provides a brief analysis of the efficiency relativities of European countries.

Escaping the Red Queen Effect in Competitive Strategy:

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Voelpel ◽  
Marius Leibold ◽  
Eden Tekie ◽  
Georg von Krogh
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Strategy ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect

The Red Queen Effect: Competitive Actions And Firm Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J. Derfus ◽  
Patrick G. Maggitti ◽  
Curtis M. Grimm ◽  
Ken G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Competitive Actions ◽  
Red Queen Effect ◽  
The Red Queen ◽  
Queen Effect
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