scholarly journals Responses of Runoff and Soil Loss to Rainfall Regimes and Soil Conservation Measures on Cultivated Slopes in a Hilly Region, Northern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Reduction Efficiency ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Rainfall Regimes ◽  
Soil Loss Rate

Cultivated land plays an important role in water and soil loss in the earth-rocky mountainous region, northern China, however, its responses to soil control measures and rainfall characteristics are still not fully understood. In this study, 85 erosive rainfall events in 2011-2019 were grouped into three types, and the responses of runoff and soil loss on five cultivated plots with different slopes in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir to soil conservation measures and rainfall regimes were evaluated. Results found that event-averaged runoff depths and soil loss rates on the five plots ranged from 7.05 mm to 0.03 mm and from 300.51 t km-2 to 0.37 t km-2 respectively, depending on rainfall regimes, soil conservation measures, and slope gradients. The high occurring frequency (i.e., 72.94%) rainfall regime A with short rainfall duration (RD), low rainfall amount (P), and high mean rainfall intensity (Im) yielded lower runoff depth and higher soil loss rate. Rainfall regime B with longer RD, and higher P and Im, however, produced higher rainfall depth and lower soil loss rate. Terraced plot had the highest runoff and soil loss reduction efficiencies of over 96.03%. Contour tillage had comparable sediment reduction efficiency to that of the terraced plot on gentle slopes (gradient less than 11.0%), while its runoff reduction efficiency was less than 13.11%. This study implies that in the Miyun Reservoir catchment and similar regions in the world, contour tillage should be promoted on gentle slopes, and terrace construction should be given enough attention since it can greatly reduce water quantity and cause water shortage in downstream catchments.

scholarly journals Responses of Runoff and Soil Loss to Rainfall Regimes and Soil Conservation Measures on Cultivated Slopes in a Hilly Region of Northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2102
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Reduction Efficiency ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Rainfall Regimes ◽  
Soil Loss Rate

Cultivated land plays an important role in water and soil loss in earthy/rocky mountainous regions in northern China, however, its response to soil conservation measures and rainfall characteristics are still not fully understood. In the present study, 85 erosive rainfall events in 2011–2019 were grouped into three types, and the responses of runoff and soil loss to soil conservation measures and rainfall regimes on five cultivated plots with different slopes in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir were evaluated. Results found that mean event runoff depths and soil loss rates on the five plots ranged from 0.03 mm to 7.05 mm and from 0.37 t km−2 to 300.51 t km−2 respectively, depending on rainfall regimes, soil conservation measures, and slope gradients. The high frequency (i.e., 72.94%) rainfall regime A with a short rainfall duration (RD), low rainfall amount (P), and high mean rainfall intensity (Im) yielded a lower runoff depth and higher soil loss rate. Rainfall regime B with a longer RD, and a higher P and Im, however, produced higher a runoff depth and lower soil loss rate. Terraced plots had the highest runoff and soil loss reduction efficiencies of over 96.03%. Contour tillage had comparable sediment reduction efficiency to that of the terraced plots on gentle slopes (gradient less than 11.0%), while its runoff reduction efficiency was less than 13.11%. This study implies that in the Miyun Reservoir catchment and similar regions in the world, contour tillage should be promoted on gentle slopes, and the construction of terraced plots should be given ample consideration as they could greatly reduce water quantity and cause water shortages in downstream catchments.

scholarly journals The Effect of Soil Conservation Measures on Runoff, Soil Erosion, TN, and TP Losses Based on Experimental Runoff Plots in Northern China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2334
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Runoff Plots

Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) are the main pollutants affecting the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing. However, few studies have been conducted on their responses to implemented soil conservation measures at a slope scale in northern China. To explore the impact of soil conservation measures on TN and TP losses, field monitored data from 18 runoff plots under natural rainfalls were used to analyze the changing characteristics of runoff, soil loss, and nutrient losses during 2014–2019. The results indicated that runoff, soil erosion, as well a TN and TP losses from the plots varied significantly, depending on land use and soil conservation measures. Bare plots suffered the highest soil, TN, and TP losses, followed by cultivated plots without soil conservation measures, cultivated plots with contour tillage, and other plots. Event-averaged runoff and soil loss rates ranged from 0 to 7.9 mm and from 0 to 444.4 t km−2 yr−1, and event-averaged TN and TP losses from cultivated plots were the highest, with values of 39.8 and 3.0 kg km−2, respectively. Bare and cultivated plots were the main sediment and nutrient sources. Among the cultivated plots, the terraced plot had the lowest soil and nutrient losses. The vegetated plots had insignificantly lower soil and nutrient losses. Most TN and TP were lost in particulate status from the plots, especially from the plots with soil conservation measures. Soil conservation measures can effectively prevent TN and TP losses. To guarantee water resource use, contour tillage is preferred for the bare and cultivated lands in the study region.

Combined effects of rainfall regime and plot length on runoff and soil loss in the Loess Plateau of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 397-406
Author(s):  
Jianbo LIU ◽  
Guangyao GAO ◽  
Shuai WANG ◽  
Bojie FU
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Erosive Rainfall ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Regimes

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper was to study the interaction effects of rainfall regime and slope length on runoff and soil loss under different land uses. Event runoff and soil loss in forest, shrub and grass were measured in plots with lengths of 5, 9 and 13m in the Loess Plateau from 2008 to 2016. A total of 59 erosive rainfall events were recorded and classified into three rainfall regimes. Firstly, the results showed that the runoff coefficient was grass>shrub>forest, and soil loss was grass>forest>shrub, but the differences between forest and shrub in runoff and between grass and forest in soil loss did not reach significant levels. Secondly, rainfall regimes had an important effect on runoff and soil loss under different land uses. The lowest runoff coefficients and the highest soil loss in regime 2 were found in shrub and forest land, respectively, which differed from that of regime 1. In total, rainfall regime 1 had the highest runoff coefficient of 0.84–2.06%, followed by regime 3 with 0.33–0.88% and regime 2 with 0.04–0.06%. Soil loss in forest and grass land had a different order of regime 3>regime 1>regime 2. Thirdly, both the runoff coefficient and soil loss decreased with increasing plot length, while the effect of slope length on runoff/soil loss were influenced by land use type and rainfall regimes.

COMPARISON OF DEVELOPED AND PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED UNIVARIATE MODELS FOR ESTIMATING EROSIVITY IN A COUNTRY WITH MEDITERRANEAN RAINFALL REGIME

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1015-1024
Author(s):  
Keya & Karim
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Precipitation Concentration Index ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Rainfall Regimes

Information on the degree of water erosion is of imperative importance to professionals who are engaged in reducing soil losses via implementing soil conservation measures. Soil Conservation requires the knowledge of the factors controlling soil loss. Rainfall erosivity is one of the major controlling factors inducing water erosion. To achieve this objective, several univariate models were developed to estimate the rainfall erosivity in the upper part of Iraq. The database for models development was based on rainfall data of different time scales obtained from 25 stations distributed across the study region. The explanatory variables encompassed annual rainfall (P), Fournier index (FI), modified Fournier index (MFI) and precipitation concentration index (PCI). Additionally, the performance of a host of previously published univariate models were evaluated. Most of these models were derived for countries with Mediterranean rainfall regimes. It was observed that neither FI nor the PCI approaches were effective in capturing the variability of rainfall erosivity in the study area. Overall, the annual rainfall based models outperformed the Fournier and modified Fournier based models. The results also indicated that among eight developed models, the quadratic and linear forms of annual rainfall based models ranked first and second respectively. Additionally, the test of performance of a host of previously published models revealed they have restricted applications in Iraq.

scholarly journals Responses of Runoff and Soil Loss on Slopes to Land Use Management and Rainfall Characteristics in Northern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9583
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Runoff Depth ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Soil conservation measures are widely used to control soil erosion and sediment loss; however, their proper usage relies on a deep understanding of the responses of runoff and sediment loss to land management and rainfall characteristics. In the present study, a long-term (2014–2020) monitored dataset derived from ten runoff plots in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, China, was used to study runoff and sediment loss responses to land use management and rainfall characteristics. The study results show that plots with no soil conservation measures had the highest runoff depth of 75 mm and suffered the highest sediment loss, at a rate of 3200 t km−2 yr−1. The terraced and vegetated plots generated lower runoff depths, with soil loss rates less than 213.0 t km−2 yr−1. With the exception of the contour tillage plots on steep slopes, the vegetation and engineering measures can efficiently reduce runoff and sediment loss, with both runoff and sediment reduction efficiencies higher than 76%. Statistical analyses indicate that, on the plots of bare soil and cultivation without soil conservation measures, runoff and sediment loss were mainly affected by the maximum 30 min rainfall intensity. However, on the plots with soil conservation measures, they were mainly determined by rainfall amount and duration. The sediment loss rate can be well fitted with the runoff depth using a power function. Based on the analyses, water-saving soil conservation measures are recommended for the study area. In addition, the size of terraces should be reconsidered on gentle slopes, and the coverage of forest, shrubs, and grass on slopes should be reduced, thus allowing for more surface runoff generation to ensure drinking water safety. In general, for the study area, soil conservation measures are required on the bare soil and cultivated slopes.

scholarly journals Water-Saving Soil Conservation Measures Should Be Used in Northern China: Evidence from Runoff Plot Data

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Most of the current studies on soil conservation measures mainly focus on their soil control effect, neglecting their impact on water quantity. In the present study, the latest seven years (2014–2020) of monitored data from 22 runoff plots in the upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing were used to evaluate the effects of slope, rainfall, and soil conservation measures on soil and water loss, and some implications were given in this water-scarce region. Excluding the impact of soil conservation measures, soil loss increased with the slope gradient and slope length. Runoff and soil loss were greatly affected by the rainfall amount and maximum 30-min rainfall intensity on the bare and cultivated slopes, or by rainfall amount and rainfall duration on almost all of the plots with soil conservation measures. The results indicated that the bare soil suffered the most severe soil loss, with a mean annual soil loss rate (SLR) of 4325 t km−2 year−1, followed by the cultivated lands without any measure, with an annual SLR of above 3205 t km−2 year−1. Contour tillage cannot effectively control soil loss on steep slopes. The vegetation measures and terrace, level bench, and fish scale pits, as well as their combinations, can decrease runoff by above 86% and decrease soil loss by 95%, respectively. Water-saving measures should be implemented in the study region. The measures, such as vegetation coverage, terracing, contour tillage, etc., should be carefully implemented on slopes. Bare and cultivated lands should further be implemented with soil conservation measures in this and similar regions in the world.

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