scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed Against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Duerr ◽  
Keaton Crosse ◽  
Ana Mayela Valero Jimenez ◽  
Meike Dittmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Cellular Entry

SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses with envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses’ structural and functional characteristics delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed Against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Duerr ◽  
Keaton M. Crosse ◽  
Ana Mayela Valero Jimenez ◽  
Meike Dittmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Cellular Entry

SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses’ structural and functional characteristics delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389
Author(s):  
Ralf Duerr ◽  
Keaton M. Crosse ◽  
Ana M. Valero-Jimenez ◽  
Meike Dittmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Cellular Entry

SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses’ structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.

Filoviruses

2020 ◽  
pp. 870-877
Author(s):  
Jan H. ter Meulen
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Bush Meat ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Filoviruses are large RNA viruses, of which Ebola virus and Marburg virus cause the most severe forms of viral haemorrhagic fever and have been best-studied because of fear of their misuse as bioterrorism agents. These are zoonotic viruses with reservoirs, most likely fruit-eating bats, in the rainforests of tropical Africa, where they cause sporadic infections and outbreaks among great apes and humans. The primary mode of transmission of Ebola virus to humans often involves contact of hunters with dead animals that serve as amplifying hosts, especially gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest antelopes, whose meat is consumed as ‘bush meat’. Contact with bats has been implicated for both Marburg and Ebola virus. However, the viruses are highly infectious and are transmitted from the index case and subsequently from person to person by all body fluids, including sweat, respiratory droplets, and semen. The viruses can persist in convalescent patients for many months.

scholarly journals Distinct spread of DNA and RNA viruses among mammals amid prominent role of domestic species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstans Wells ◽  
Serge Morand ◽  
Maya Wardeh ◽  
Matthew Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases arising from pathogen spillover from mammals to humans comprise a substantial health threat. Tracing virus origin and predicting the most likely host species for future spillover events are major objectives in One Health disciplines. However, the species that share pathogens most widely with other mammals, and the role of different wildlife groups in sharing viruses with humans remain poorly identified. To address this challenge, we applied network analysis and Bayesian hierarchical models to a global database of mammal-virus associations. We show that domesticated mammals and some primates hold the most central positions in networks of known mammal-virus associations. We revealed strong evidence that DNA viruses were phylogenetically more host specific than RNA viruses, while the frequencies of sharing viruses among hosts and the proportion of zoonotic viruses in hosts were larger for RNA than DNA viruses. Among entire host-virus networks, Carnivora and Chiroptera hold central positions for mainly sharing RNA viruses with other host species, while network centrality of Primates scored relatively high for sharing DNA viruses. Ungulates hold central positions for sharing both RNA and DNA viruses. Acknowledging the role of domestic species in addition to host and virus traits in patterns of virus sharing is necessary to improve our understanding of virus spread and spillover in times of global change.

scholarly journals X-ray inactivation of RNA viruses without loss of biological characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Afrough ◽  
Jonathan Eakins ◽  
Sarah Durley-White ◽  
Stuart Dowall ◽  
Stephen Findlay-Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
High Maximum ◽  
Viral Outbreak

AbstractIn the event of an unpredictable viral outbreak requiring high/maximum biosafety containment facilities (i.e. BSL3 and BSL4), X-ray irradiation has the potential to relieve pressures on conventional diagnostic bottlenecks and expediate work at lower containment. Guided by Monte Carlo modelling and in vitro 1-log10 decimal-reduction value (D-value) predictions, the X-ray photon energies required for the effective inactivation of zoonotic viruses belonging to the medically important families of Flaviviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae and Togaviridae are demonstrated. Specifically, it is shown that an optimized irradiation approach is attractive for use in a multitude of downstream detection and functional assays, as it preserves key biochemical and immunological properties. This study provides evidence that X-ray irradiation can support emergency preparedness, outbreak response and front-line diagnostics in a safe, reproducible and scalable manner pertinent to operations that are otherwise restricted to higher containment BSL3 or BSL4 laboratories.

scholarly journals Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Evan P. Williams ◽  
Briana M. Spruill-Harrell ◽  
Mariah K. Taylor ◽  
Jasper Lee ◽  
Ashley V. Nywening ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

Rodents (order Rodentia), followed by bats (order Chiroptera), comprise the largest percentage of living mammals on earth. Thus, it is not surprising that these two orders account for many of the reservoirs of the zoonotic RNA viruses discovered to date. The spillover of these viruses from wildlife to human do not typically result in pandemics but rather geographically confined outbreaks of human infection and disease. While limited geographically, these viruses cause thousands of cases of human disease each year. In this review, we focus on three questions regarding zoonotic viruses that originate in bats and rodents. First, what biological strategies have evolved that allow RNA viruses to reside in bats and rodents? Second, what are the environmental and ecological causes that drive viral spillover? Third, how does virus spillover occur from bats and rodents to humans?

Oncogenesis and the Lucké Virus

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
A. E. Vatter ◽  
J. Zambernard
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Renal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Northern Leopard Frogs

Oncogenic viruses, like viruses in general, can be divided into two classes, those that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and those that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA). The RNA viruses have been recovered readily from the tumors which they cause whereas, the DNA-virus induced tumors have not yielded the virus. Since DNA viruses cannot be recovered, the bulk of present day investigations have been concerned with RNA viruses.The Lucké renal adenocarcinoma is a spontaneous tumor which occurs in northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and has received increased attention in recent years because of its probable viral etiology. This hypothesis was first advanced by Lucké after he observed intranuclear inclusions in some of the tumor cells. Tumors with inclusions were examined at the fine structural level by Fawcett who showed that they contained immature and mature virus˗like particles.The use of this system in the study of oncogenic tumors offers several unique features, the virus has been shown to contain DNA and it can be recovered from the tumor, also, it is temperature sensitive. This latter feature is of importance because the virus can be transformed from a latent to a vegetative state by lowering or elevating the environmental temperature.

Selecting Skills To Teach Communication Partners: Where Do I Start?

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy Binger ◽  
Jennifer Kent-Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Communication Partners ◽  
Multiple Challenges

Abstract Clinicians and researchers long have recognized that teaching communication partners how to provide AAC supports is essential to AAC success. One way to improve clinical outcomes is to select appropriate skills to teach communication partners. Although this sometimes seems like it should be a straightforward component of any intervention program, deciding which skills to teach partners can present multiple challenges. In this article, we will troubleshoot common issues and discuss how to select skills systematically, resulting in the desired effects for both communication partners and clients.

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