U-Shape by Quadratic Equation: A Best-fit for Modelling Hemodynamic Changes in the DCCS Task

General Linear Modelling (GLM) has been widely employed to estimate the hemodynamic changes evoked by cognitive processing, which are more likely to be nonlinear than linear. First, this study re-analyzed the fNIRS data (N = 38, Mage = 5.0 years, SD = 0.69 years, 17 girls) collected in the Mixed-Order Design Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task. The results indicated that the quadratic equation was better than GLM to model HbO changes in this task. Second, analysis of a new set of data indicated that the Habit-DisHabit design of DCCS was more effective in identifying the neural correlates of cognitive shifting than the Mixed-Order Design. Third, this study found that the Non-users were more attentive and engaged than the Heavy-users, with a slower but more steady increase of brain activation in BA8 and BA9.

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A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Examination of the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Shifting in Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2020.561223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Li ◽

Dandan Wu ◽

Jinfeng Yang ◽

Sha Xie ◽

Jiutong Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Neural Correlates ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Card Sort ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort ◽

Cognitive Shifting ◽

Switch Group

This study aims to examine the neural correlates of cognitive shifting during the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task (DCCS) task with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Altogether 49 children completed the DCCS tasks, and 25 children (Mage = 68.66, SD = 5.3) passing all items were classified into the Switch group. Twenty children (Mage = 62.05, SD = 8.13) committing more than one perseverative errors were grouped into the Perseverate group. The Switch group had Brodmann Area (BA) 9 and 10 activated in the pre-switch period and BA 6, 9, 10, 40, and 44 in the post-switch period. In contrast, the Perseverate group had BA 9 and 10 activated in the pre-switch period and BA 8, 9, 10 in the post-switch period. The general linear model results afford strong support to the “V-shape curve” hypothesis by identifying a significant decrease–increase cycle in BA 9 and 44, the neural correlations of cognitive shifting.

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Language and Cognitive Shifting: Evidence from Young Monolingual and Bilingual Children

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/03.10.28.pr0.107.4.68-78 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 107 (1) ◽

pp. 68-78E ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mako Okanda ◽

Yusuke Moriguchi ◽

Shoji Itakura

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Verbal Ability ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Bilingual Children ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Language Experience ◽

Card Sort ◽

Bilingual Group ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort ◽

Cognitive Shifting

The relationship between language and cognitive shifting in young children was examined. Specifically, second language experiences from infancy as well as individual differences in monolingual language experience may affect performances on the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. 54 Japanese-French bilingual children and two groups of Japanese monolingual children participated ( ns = 18). One monolingual group was matched to the bilingual group on verbal ability and chronological age (VC monolingual group) and the other group was matched by chronological age but had higher verbal ability (C monolingual group). The results showed that the groups of children who were bilingual and monolingual with higher verbal ability performed the task significantly better than matched monolingual children. Language experiences may affect cognitive set shifting in young children.

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Not Quite as Grown-Up as We Like to Think

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01530.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 291-297 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Adele Diamond ◽

Natasha Kirkham

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Dependent Measure ◽

The Other ◽

Card Sort ◽

Sensitive Measure ◽

Infancy And Early Childhood ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort

Greater continuity in cognition between children and adults may exist than is usually appreciated. It was thought that after 3 to 4 years of age, the problem in switching on the dimensional-change card-sort task disappears. We show here, however, that if speed is used as the dependent measure, the effect of the first dimension is evident even in adults. Adults, like preschoolers, show difficulty in switching from a block of sorting by color or shape to a block of sorting by the other dimension. Notably, performance throughout the session was affected by the first dimension by which stimuli were sorted. We hypothesize that perhaps adults never fully outgrow any of the cognitive and perceptual biases of infancy and early childhood. Other examples of such biases that appear to still be present in adults are discussed. Conversely, the assumption that the optimal dependent measure for adults is the most sensitive measure for children is questioned.

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SUMMARY OF VERSIONS OF THE DIMENSIONAL CHANGE CARD SORT USED

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ◽

10.1111/j.1540-5834.2003.06803008.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 120-123

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Change ◽

Card Sort ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort

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Appendix: Summary of Versions of the Dimensional Change Card Sort Used

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development ◽

10.1111/j.0037-976x.2003.00267.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 120-123

Author(s):

Philip David Zelazo ◽

Ulrich Muller ◽

Douglas Frye ◽

Stuart Marcovitch

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Change ◽

Card Sort ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort

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Emotion understanding in preschool children

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025414556096 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Eva Costa Martins ◽

Ana Osório ◽

Manuela Veríssimo ◽

Carla Martins

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Control ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Emotion Understanding ◽

Language Ability ◽

Future Research ◽

Set Shifting ◽

Peabody Picture Vocabulary ◽

Card Sort ◽

R Language ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort

This investigation was aimed at studying the relations between executive functions (EFs) and categorical emotion understanding while controlling for preschoolers’ IQ, language ability and theory of mind (ToM). Specifically, we wanted to analyse the association between emotion understanding and set shifting, due to the lack of studies with this EF. Data of 75 children aged 4½ years (52% boys) was collected in two laboratory visits. Emotion understanding was assessed using the Emotion Recognition Questionnaire, inhibitory control using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task and set shifting using a version of the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. IQ was evaluated using the WPPSI-R, language using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised; and ToM using six standardized tasks. Set shifting, but not inhibitory control, predicted emotion understanding, over and above mothers’ age, and children’s IQ, language ability, and ToM. Mothers’ age and children’s language ability were also significant predictors in the final regression model. Results suggest that the capacity to shift mental sets is linked with inter-individual differences in children’s understanding of situational causes of emotion. Therefore studying EFs as correlates of emotion understanding is an important focus of future research.

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Tablet Use Affects Preschoolers’ Executive Function: fNIRS Evidence from the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

10.20944/preprints202104.0188.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Li ◽

Dandan Wu ◽

Jinfeng Yang ◽

Jiutong Luo ◽

Sha Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Executive Function ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Heavy User ◽

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Card Sort ◽

The Impact ◽

Dimensional Change Card Sort

This study aims to examine the impact of tablet use on preschoolers’ executive function during the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task (DCCS) task using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Altogether 38 Chinese preschoolers (Mage = 5.0 years, SD = 0.69 years, 17 girls) completed the tasks before the COVID-19 lockdown. Eight children never used tablets, while 16 children were diagnosed as the ‘heavy-user'. The results indicated that: (1) the 'Non-user' outperformed the 'Heavy-user' with a significantly higher correct rate in the DCCS task; (2) the two groups differed significantly in the activation of the prefrontal cortex (BA 9): the 'Non-user' pattern is normal and healthy, whereas the 'Heavy-user' pattern is not normal and needs further exploration.

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