scholarly journals Mast Cell Response to Leishmania mexicana and Sand Fly Salivary Proteins is Modulated by Androgens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Sánchez-García ◽  
Armando Perez-Torres ◽  
Samira Muñoz-Cruz ◽  
Jorge Morales-Montor ◽  
Ingeborg Becker
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role during infections with Leishmania, that is transmitted through the bite of an infected sand fly that injects saliva together with the parasite. Sand fly saliva is a complex fluid that modulates the host immune response. In addition, hormonal factors modulate the host immune response, impacting the susceptibility to infections. Thus, to assess the impact of androgens and salivary proteins of sand fly vectors on the mast cell (MC) response to Leishmania infections, we infected orchiectomized male mice with the parasite in the presence or absence of sand fly salivary proteins and analyzed the inflammatory response of MCs. Our results showed a differential MC response to the parasite and to vector salivary proteins in mice deprived of gonadal hormones, as compared to sham-operated mice. Orchidectomy induced a different pattern of activation in MC of animals infected with Leishmania and vector-salivary proteins. Our results show that during Leishmania infection, androgens modulate the innate immunity response against the parasite and salivary proteins of the sand fly vector.

Understanding the immune responses involved in mediating protection or immunopathology during leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez ◽  
Greta Volpedo ◽  
Chaitenya Verma ◽  
Abhay R. Satoskar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) transmitted by the sand fly and is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections caused by Leishmania clinically manifest as a wide range of diseases, such as cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), mucosal (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The host innate and adaptative immune responses play critical roles in the defense against leishmaniasis. However, Leishmania parasites also manipulate the host immune response for their survival and replication. In addition, other factors such as sand fly salivary proteins and microbiota also promote disease susceptibility and parasite spread by modulating local immune response. Thus, a complex interplay between parasite, sand fly and the host immunity governs disease severity and outcome. In this review, we discuss the host immune response during Leishmania infection and highlight the factors associated with resistance or susceptibility.

scholarly journals DISTINCT CELLULAR MIGRATION INDUCED BY Leishmania infantum chagasi AND SALIVA FROM Lutzomyia longipalpis IN A HEMORRHAGIC POOL MODEL

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Oliveira Vasconcelos ◽  
Zirlane C. Branco Coelho ◽  
Cristina de Souza Chaves ◽  
Clarissa Romero Teixeira ◽  
Margarida M. Lima Pompeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Population ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Air Pouch ◽  
Leukocyte Accumulation ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

Recruitment of a specific cell population after Leishmania infection can influence the outcome of the disease. Cellular migration in response to Leishmania or vector saliva has been reported in air pouch model, however, cellular migration induced by Leishmania associated with host's blood and vector saliva in this model has not been described. Herein we investigated cellular migration into air pouch of hamster after stimulation with combination of L. chagasi and host's blood and Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. Migration induced by saliva was 3-fold more than those induced by L. chagasi alone. Additionally, L. chagasi associated with blood and saliva induced significantly even more leukocytes into air pouch than Leishmania alone. L. chagasi recruited a diverse cell population; however, most of these cells seem to have not migrated to the inflammatory exudate, remaining in the pouch lining tissue. These results indicate that L. chagasi can reduce leukocyte accumulation to the initial site of infection, and when associated with vector saliva in the presence of blood components, increase the influx of more neutrophils than macrophages, suggesting that the parasite has developed a strategy to minimize the initial inflammatory response, allowing an unlimited progression within the host. This work reinforces the importance of studies on the salivary components of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in the transmission process and the establishment of the infection.

Pemphigus foliaceus and sand fly bites: assessing the humoral immune response to the salivary proteins maxadilan and LJM11

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (5) ◽  
pp. 958-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vernal ◽  
N.A. De Paula ◽  
V.R. Bollela ◽  
E.A. Lerner ◽  
A.M. Roselino
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Pemphigus Foliaceus ◽  
Humoral Immune

scholarly journals Establishment of a Mass Screening Method of Sand Fly Vectors for Leishmania Infection by Molecular Biological Methods

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotomo Kato ◽  
Eduardo A. Gomez ◽  
Hiroshi Uezato ◽  
Manuel Calvopiña ◽  
Yoshihisa Hashiguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

scholarly journals The Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Precore/Core Gene Carboxyl Terminal Mutations on Viral Biosynthesis and the Host Immune Response

2013 ◽  
Vol 209 (9) ◽  
pp. 1374-1381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Feng Wu ◽  
Yen-Hsuan Ni ◽  
Huey-Ling Chen ◽  
Hong-Yuan Hsu ◽  
Mei-Hwei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Core Gene ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Carboxyl Terminal ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of orally administered phages on host immune response and surrounding microbial communities

Bacteriophage ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e1211066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Hong ◽  
Jyothi Thimmapuram ◽  
Jiayi Zhang ◽  
Clayton K. Collings ◽  
Ketaki Bhide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary protein diversity and immune response potential in Egypt and Jordan populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Flanley ◽  
Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao ◽  
Iliano V. Coutinho-Abreu ◽  
Rami Mukbel ◽  
Hanafi A. Hanafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

AbstractPhlebotomus papatasi sand flies inject their hosts with a myriad of pharmacologically active salivary proteins to assist with blood feeding and to modulate host defenses. These salivary proteins have been studied for their role in cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcome with different salivary proteins attenuating or exacerbating lesion size. Studies have shown that while co-administered sand fly saliva exacerbates Leishmania major infections in naïve mice, animals pre-exposed to saliva are protected, with the infection attenuated via a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction. These studies highlight the potential of the salivary components to be used as a vaccine. One protein in particular, P. papatasi salivary protein 15 (PpSP15) has been intensively studied because of its ability to protect mice against Le. major challenge. The number of antigenic molecules included in vaccines is restricted thus emphasizing the role of population genetics to identify molecules, like PpSP15, that are functionally significant, conserved across populations and do not experience selection. Three distinct ecotope study sites, one in Egypt (Aswan) and two in Jordan (Swaimeh and Malka), were chosen based on their elevation, rainfall, vegetation, differing reservoir species, and the presence or absence of Le. major. The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability of nine of the most abundantly expressed salivary proteins including PpSP12, PpSP14, PpSP28, PpSP29, PpSP30, PpSP32, PpSP36, PpSP42, and PpSP44 and to predict their ability to elicit an immune response. Two proteins, PpSP12 and PpSP14, demonstrated low genetic variability across the three sand fly populations represented in this study, with multiple predicted MHCII epitope binding sites, identified by alleles present in the human populations from the study sites. The other seven salivary proteins revealed greater allelic variation across the same sand fly populations indicating that their use as vaccine targets may prove to be challenging.

scholarly journals Toward a Defined Anti-Leishmania Vaccine Targeting Vector Antigens

2001 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus G. Valenzuela ◽  
Yasmine Belkaid ◽  
Mark K. Garfield ◽  
Susana Mendez ◽  
Shaden Kamhawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Plasmid Vaccine ◽  
Targeting Vector ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Leishmania parasites are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by infected phlebotomine sand fly bites. Sand fly saliva is known to enhance Leishmania infection, while immunity to the saliva protects against infection as determined by coinoculation of parasites with vector salivary gland homogenates (SGHs) or by infected sand fly bites (Kamhawi, S., Y. Belkaid, G. Modi, E. Rowton, and D. Sacks. 2000. Science. 290:1351–1354). We have now characterized nine salivary proteins of Phlebotomus papatasi, the vector of Leishmania major. One of these salivary proteins, extracted from SDS gels and having an apparent mol wt of 15 kD, was able to protect vaccinated mice challenged with parasites plus SGH. A DNA vaccine containing the cDNA for the predominant 15-kD protein (named SP15) provided this same protection. Protection lasted at least 3 mo after immunization. The vaccine produced both intense humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. B cell–deficient mice immunized with the SP15 plasmid vaccine successfully controlled Leishmania infection when injected with Leishmania plus SGH. These results indicate that DTH response against saliva provides most or all of the protective effects of this vaccine and that salivary gland proteins or their cDNAs are viable vaccine targets against leishmaniasis.

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