scholarly journals PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PETANI DALAM SISTEM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch Najib Imanullah , ◽  
Emmy Latifah , ◽  
Anugrah Adistuti ,
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Role Position ◽  
System Today ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Food Production System ◽  
International Trading System

<p>Abstract<br />This study aims to determine the role and position of farmer in the international trading system today. The development of the international trading system has an impact on the shift of food production system and food security policy which ultimately also has an impact on farmer’s role and position in the global market. Evolution of agricultural structures in any periodization provide a clear description of the role and position of farmers in every era to enter the globalization. The globalization era was shaping a more liberal market system so that the role and position of farmers is becoming increasingly difficult in the international trading system.<br /><em>Keywords: role, position, farmer, international trading system.</em></p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dan kedudukan petani dalam sistem perdagangan internasional dewasa ini. Perkembangan sistem perdagangan internasional berdampak pada pergeseran sistem produksi pangan dan kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang akhirnya juga berdampak pada peran dan kedudukan petani di pasar global. Evolusi struktur pertanian dalam setiap periodesasi memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai peran dan kedudukan petani pada setiap masanya hingga memasuki era globalisasi. Era globalisasi membentuk sistem pasar yang lebih liberal sehingga peran dan kedudukan petani menjadi semakin sulit dalam sistem perdagangan internasional.<br /><em>Kata kunci: peran, kedudukan, petani, sistem perdagangan internasional</em></p>

scholarly journals PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PETANI DALAM SISTEM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch Najib Imanullah ◽  
Emmy Latifah ◽  
Anugrah Adistuti
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Role Position ◽  
System Today ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Food Production System ◽  
International Trading System

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This study aims to determine the role and position of farmer in the international trading system today. The development of the international trading system has an impact on the shift of food production system and food security policy which ultimately also has an impact on farmer’s role and position in the global market. Evolution of agricultural structures in any periodization provide a clear description of the role and position of farmers in every era to enter the globalization. The globalization era was shaping a more liberal market system so that the role and position of farmers is becoming increasingly difficult in the international trading system.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>role, position, farmer, international trading system.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dan kedudukan petani dalam sistem perdagangan internasional dewasa ini. Perkembangan sistem perdagangan internasional berdampak pada pergeseran sistem produksi pangan dan kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang akhirnya juga berdampak pada peran dan kedudukan petani di pasar global. Evolusi struktur pertanian dalam setiap periodesasi memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai peran dan kedudukan petani pada setiap masanya hingga memasuki era globalisasi. Era globalisasi membentuk sistem pasar yang lebih liberal sehingga peran dan kedudukan petani menjadi semakin sulit dalam sistem perdagangan internasional.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>peran, kedudukan, petani, sistem perdagangan internasional.</p>

scholarly journals Principle of Most Favoured Nation: Description, Modern Evolution, and Analysis of the Exceptionality of the Principle in A Contemporary World

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Frans Lavdari
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
System Today

The "most favoured nation" principle is the cornerstone of the modern international trading system. Each state is obliged to reflect the benefits it offers a nation over other WTO adherents as well. This system, however, although it proved effective until the last century for the creation of an international free trade system, today has lost its capabilities, mainly degraded by “private” international agreements between nations, such as RTA, FTA, PTA and REIO, who have torn apart the principle and created groups of nations, each with their own personal advantages which are bestowed only on the nations adhering to the agreement. The following sections aim to give a description of this phenomenon and its evolutions up to modern times, through an analysis of the various exceptionality of the "most favored nation" principle, of the situation of modern free trade agreements, and of the effects both for national legislations and markets, in order to be able to understand what are the conditions facing the global market today and, above all, if the principle of "non-discrimination" is still a cornerstone in the trade relations in the MFN.

scholarly journals Joint Initiatives Instead of Multilateralism: A New Reality for the WTO?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 167-186
Author(s):  
O. V. Biryukova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Joint Statement ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Near Future ◽  
International Trading System

The article examines the complexities of the negotiation function of the WTO, in which consensus in decision-making plays an important role. The author systematizes the possibilities and limitations for incorporating the results of plurilateral negotiations (i.e., with a limited number of participants) held within the framework of the so-called joint statement initiatives into the organization's law. The article also analyzes the prospects for integrating specific joint initiatives (internal regulation in services, simplification of investments in development, e-commerce) into the WTO system. The article emphasizes that despite standard features, all initiatives are unique in their content, format, and history and are at different stages of readiness, for Russia, which takes an active part in these joint initiatives, bringing the negotiations to a conclusion. The article criticizes joint initiatives from their primary opponents (India and South Africa), who insist that plurilateral initiatives' participation ignores existing multilateral mandates reached by consensus. Thus, they destroy the multilateral system.The purpose of the article is to review conceptual and practical approaches to forming new trade rules in the WTO system in the context of the multilateral crisis. The author concludes that plurilateral agreements can become a way out of the crisis in the negotiation function of the WTO, as well as the basis for future trade agreements in the system of organization. However, for plurilateralism to be effective and sustainable, it must be linked to multilateral norms and principles. Any plurilateral approach must allow flexibility in forming the basis for negotiating trade rules at multilateral level. It seems that if in the near future the WTO does not take decisive actions to adjust the rules and procedures for the new agreements, the prospects for advancing negotiations and maintaining the relevance of the leading institution of the international trading system will become even bleaker.

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