scholarly journals Principle of Most Favoured Nation: Description, Modern Evolution, and Analysis of the Exceptionality of the Principle in A Contemporary World

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Frans Lavdari
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
International Trading ◽  
System Today

The "most favoured nation" principle is the cornerstone of the modern international trading system. Each state is obliged to reflect the benefits it offers a nation over other WTO adherents as well. This system, however, although it proved effective until the last century for the creation of an international free trade system, today has lost its capabilities, mainly degraded by “private” international agreements between nations, such as RTA, FTA, PTA and REIO, who have torn apart the principle and created groups of nations, each with their own personal advantages which are bestowed only on the nations adhering to the agreement. The following sections aim to give a description of this phenomenon and its evolutions up to modern times, through an analysis of the various exceptionality of the "most favored nation" principle, of the situation of modern free trade agreements, and of the effects both for national legislations and markets, in order to be able to understand what are the conditions facing the global market today and, above all, if the principle of "non-discrimination" is still a cornerstone in the trade relations in the MFN.

scholarly journals PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PETANI DALAM SISTEM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch Najib Imanullah ◽  
Emmy Latifah ◽  
Anugrah Adistuti
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Role Position ◽  
System Today ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Food Production System ◽  
International Trading System

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>This study aims to determine the role and position of farmer in the international trading system today. The development of the international trading system has an impact on the shift of food production system and food security policy which ultimately also has an impact on farmer’s role and position in the global market. Evolution of agricultural structures in any periodization provide a clear description of the role and position of farmers in every era to enter the globalization. The globalization era was shaping a more liberal market system so that the role and position of farmers is becoming increasingly difficult in the international trading system.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>role, position, farmer, international trading system.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dan kedudukan petani dalam sistem perdagangan internasional dewasa ini. Perkembangan sistem perdagangan internasional berdampak pada pergeseran sistem produksi pangan dan kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang akhirnya juga berdampak pada peran dan kedudukan petani di pasar global. Evolusi struktur pertanian dalam setiap periodesasi memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai peran dan kedudukan petani pada setiap masanya hingga memasuki era globalisasi. Era globalisasi membentuk sistem pasar yang lebih liberal sehingga peran dan kedudukan petani menjadi semakin sulit dalam sistem perdagangan internasional.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong>peran, kedudukan, petani, sistem perdagangan internasional.</p>

scholarly journals PERAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PETANI DALAM SISTEM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch Najib Imanullah , ◽  
Emmy Latifah , ◽  
Anugrah Adistuti ,
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Trading System ◽  
International Trading ◽  
Role Position ◽  
System Today ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Food Production System ◽  
International Trading System

<p>Abstract<br />This study aims to determine the role and position of farmer in the international trading system today. The development of the international trading system has an impact on the shift of food production system and food security policy which ultimately also has an impact on farmer’s role and position in the global market. Evolution of agricultural structures in any periodization provide a clear description of the role and position of farmers in every era to enter the globalization. The globalization era was shaping a more liberal market system so that the role and position of farmers is becoming increasingly difficult in the international trading system.<br /><em>Keywords: role, position, farmer, international trading system.</em></p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dan kedudukan petani dalam sistem perdagangan internasional dewasa ini. Perkembangan sistem perdagangan internasional berdampak pada pergeseran sistem produksi pangan dan kebijakan ketahanan pangan yang akhirnya juga berdampak pada peran dan kedudukan petani di pasar global. Evolusi struktur pertanian dalam setiap periodesasi memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai peran dan kedudukan petani pada setiap masanya hingga memasuki era globalisasi. Era globalisasi membentuk sistem pasar yang lebih liberal sehingga peran dan kedudukan petani menjadi semakin sulit dalam sistem perdagangan internasional.<br /><em>Kata kunci: peran, kedudukan, petani, sistem perdagangan internasional</em></p>

Achieving Competitively Cooperative Economic and Trade Relations

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-85
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Trade Relations

This chapter aims to highlight how trade relations can be improved and fostered through an effective symbiotic relationship which does not leave the other trading partner feeling exploited or having executed a bad deal. Free trade agreements are intended to be beneficial to parties involved – when negotiated with relevant and necessary skills – as provided for in terms and conditions within such agreements. Lessons from trading and economic relationships may also serve as a stark reminder than regional alliances and allies will always be beneficial than economic alliances.

scholarly journals Importance of «weak» states during conflicts: Portuguese trade with the United States during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Moreira ◽  
Jari Eloranta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Total War ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Peninsular War ◽  
International Trading

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of weak states in the international trading system during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic crises, especially on Portugal's trade relations with the United States. We argue that the previous studies of the trade flows during these conflicts have not paid enough attention on smaller actors. Even though the Peninsular War caused severe disruption of agricultural production in Portugal, the United States, despite its strained relations with an ally of Portugal, Great Britain, became a key supplier for the Portuguese market. Clearly, the threatened position of the peninsula, and the need to supply the troops, awarded the Portuguese some room to manoeuvre in the international markets. Total war was not a constraint for all states — economic necessities trumped political and diplomatic concerns during the era of the first real-world wars. This situation was a temporary one, only to change after the conflict.

Merger will strengthen Japan's shipping sector

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Shipping ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Retail Prices

Subject Developments in the Japanese shipping industry and the international shipping market. Significance Three of Japan’s largest shipping lines -- Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Mitsui OSK and Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha -- plan to consolidate their operations in July 2017 to save an estimated 1 billion dollars per year. The three lines combined will control an estimated 7% of the global market, and expand their share of the increasingly critical trans-Pacific market, which has realigned significantly in response to the bankruptcy of South Korean shipping firm Hanjin in August. Impacts This major consolidation may prompt other carriers in other states to follow suit. Powerful new opposition to free trade agreements in major economies will lead to previously unexpected trade contractions. Retail prices for goods imported from East Asia will likely rise.

scholarly journals Are Preferential Trading Arrangements Trade-Liberalizing or Protectionist?

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne O Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
Preferential Trading ◽  
Preferential Trading Arrangements

Preferential trade arrangements, and especially free trade agreements, have mushroomed in importance in the 1990s. This has revived research on the effects of these arrangements, both on the welfare of the member countries and those excluded, and on the momentum for further liberalization of the open multilateral trading system. This paper reviews the analyses and evidence to date as to these effects, showing that analytically anything can happen and that, to date, there has been insufficient experience to draw conclusions from empirical evidence.

A Proposed Roadmap From the Current to Agile Manufacturing

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Gadalla
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Agile Manufacturing ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Off Shoring

With growing tendency towards globalization and the number of free trade agreements, we are approaching not only a global market but also a manufacturing era that has no boundaries. This is accomplished through off-shoring and outsourcing. Manufacturing companions and particularly Small to Medium size Enterprise (SME’s) are facing a very tough and fierce competition. This article is intended to provide a roadmap for manufacturing companies to help them survive and excel.

Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements and Some Systemic Issues - In Relation to the WTO Disciplines and Development Perspectives

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Matsushita ◽  
Y.S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Interests

In recent decades, free trade agreements have been proliferated and have become a major part of the global trading system, along with the multilateral framework represented by the World Trade Organizations. This article discusses some of the major issues with FTA in relation to the WTO disciplines and also examines their implications for developing countries from the perspective of economic development. A global FTA network is proposed as a means to coordinate different, often conflicting rules among different FTAs and to promote common interests and concerns of developing countries.

scholarly journals Glossary on free trade agreements and health part 1: the shift from multilateralism and the rise of ‘WTO-Plus’ provisions

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-215104
Author(s):  
Courtney L McNamara ◽  
Ronald Labonte ◽  
Ashley Schram ◽  
Belinda Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Key Terms

The global trading system has undergone a shift away from multilateral trade negotiations to a ‘spaghetti-bowl’ of regional and bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs). In this two-part glossary, we discuss why this shift has occurred, focusing on how it poses new challenges for public health. Specifically, we introduce key terms that shape this new trading environment and explain them through a public health lens. Part 1 of this glossary focuses on provisions in FTAs that build on previous agreements of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These provisions are commonly designated as ‘WTO-Plus’. This approach continues into part 2 of the glossary, which also considers components of FTAs that have no precedent within WTO treaties. Following a broader discussion of how the current political context and the COVID-19 pandemic shape the contemporary trade environment, part 2 considers the main areas of trade and health policy incoherence as well as recommendations to address them.

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