Abstract
Objectives
The summer is a window of risk for unhealthy weight gain in elementary school-aged children, however little is known about older school-aged children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to examine weight status among a nationally representative sample of middle and high schoolers during the summertime compared to the school year.
Methods
Data from the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used. Participants included individuals aged ≤18 years in grades 5 through 12. A two-group analysis was conducted based on data collection time period, i.e., the school year (November through April) and summer (May through October). A descriptive analysis – means and frequencies - of demographic characteristics, including sex, age (years), race/ethnicity, income (lower-income [family income ≤ 185% of the federal poverty line (FPL)] and non-lower-income [family income > 185% FPL]), as well as weight status (BMI z-score [zBMI]), was conducted and ttests and Chi2 were used to compare summer vs. school groups. Multiple linear regression was utilized to compare mean zBMI of participants by summer vs. school group controlling for race/ethnicity and income. All analyses were conducted for both age groups: 1) middle (grades 5–8) and 2) high school (grades 9–12).
Results
Participants included 881 middle and 716 high schoolers. Middle schoolers were 13.82 ± 0.04 years (mean), 48.24% (n = 425) female, and had a mean zBMI of 0.72 ± 0.04. High schoolers were 16.58 ± 0.03 years (mean), 50.42%(n = 361) female, and had a mean zBMI of 0.67 ± 0.04. Middle schooler zBMI was lower (−0.14 ± 0.08 (P = 0.07) and high schooler zBMI was higher (0.08 ± 0.09 (P = 0.40) in the summer vs. school year groups.
Conclusions
Preliminary data from this study demonstrate that high schoolers, but not middle schoolers are at risk for weight gain during the summertime when school is out of session. Future research is needed confirm findings from this study.
Funding Sources
None.