scholarly journals Efficacy of acetaminophen with and without oxycodone for analgesia in nonoperative treatment of extremity fractures in adults: Protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gao ◽  
Hongyi Zhu ◽  
Changqing Zhang ◽  
Yimin Chai ◽  
Cheng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Nonoperative Treatment ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Limb Fracture ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Limb Fractures

Abstract Background: Opioids and acetaminophen are both widely used to relieve pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures, but evidence for superiority of opioids versus acetaminophen is lacking. In this study we aim to determine whether acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination for pain relief after nonoperative fixation of an extremity limb fracture. We hypothesize that acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Power analysis determined that 1,226 participants will be needed (p<0.05, power 90%). Patients with acute limb fracture who receive nonoperative treatment will be recruited and randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group will receive oral oxycodone (5 mg)/acetaminophen (325 mg), and the control group will receive acetaminophen (650 mg) only. The primary outcome measure will be scores on the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) over 14 days. Secondary outcome measures are scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), EuroQol five dimensions’ questionnaire (EQ-5d), self-rated satisfaction with the analgesia produced, self-reported nighttime sleep duration, number of intervention or control pills used, total duration for taking intervention or control medication. Change of pain scores and the number of times that analgesic drugs were taken in the two groups will be statistically evaluated with t-student tests according to their fracture site. Discussion: This study will be a randomized controlled trial that is adequately powered to test the hypothesis that acetaminophen is noninferior to the combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone in relieving objectively measured pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures in adults. It is hopeful to provide a safe and effective analgesic plan for such patients. Trial Registration: ChiCTR registry: ChiCTR1800017015 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28612). Registered on 8 July 2018. Keywords: Opioids, acetaminophen, fracture, nonoperative treatment.

scholarly journals Efficacy of acetaminophen with and without oxycodone for analgesia in nonoperative treatment of extremity fractures in adults: Protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gao ◽  
Hongyi Zhu ◽  
Changqing Zhang ◽  
Yimin Chai ◽  
Cheng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Nonoperative Treatment ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Limb Fracture ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Combination Methods ◽  
Limb Fractures

Abstract Background: Opioids and acetaminophen are both widely used to relieve pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures, but evidence for superiority of opioids versus acetaminophen is lacking. In this study we aim to determine whether acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination for pain relief after nonoperative fixation of an extremity limb fracture. We hypothesize that acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Power analysis determined that 1,226 participants will be needed (p<0.05, power 90%). Patients with acute limb fracture who receive nonoperative treatment will be recruited and randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group will receive oral oxycodone (10 mg)/acetaminophen (650 mg), and the control group will receive acetaminophen (650 mg) only. All participants will be instructed to take one pill of study medication on an as-needed basis and no more frequently than once every 8 hours. The primary outcome measure will be scores on the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) over 14 days. Secondary outcome measures are scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), EuroQol five dimensions’ questionnaire (EQ-5d), self-rated satisfaction with the analgesia produced, self-reported nighttime sleep duration, number of intervention or control pills used, total duration for taking intervention or control medication. Change of pain scores and the number of times that analgesic drugs were taken in the two groups will be statistically evaluated with t-student tests according to their fracture site. Discussion: This study will be a randomized controlled trial that is adequately powered to test the hypothesis that acetaminophen is noninferior to the combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone in relieving objectively measured pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures in adults. It is hopeful to provide a safe and effective analgesic plan for such patients. Trial registration numbers: ChiCTR registry: ChiCTR1800017015 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28612). Registered on 8 July 2018.

scholarly journals Efficacy of acetaminophen with and without oxycodone for analgesia in nonoperative treatment of extremity fractures in adults: Protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gao ◽  
Hongyi Zhu ◽  
Changqing Zhang ◽  
Yimin Chai ◽  
Cheng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Nonoperative Treatment ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Limb Fracture ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Combination Methods ◽  
Limb Fractures

Abstract Backgroud Opioids and acetaminophen are both widely used to relieve pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures, but evidence for superiority of opioids versus acetaminophen is lacking. In this study we aim to determine whether acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination for pain relief after nonoperative fixation of an extremity limb fracture. We hypothesize that acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination. Methods A double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Power analysis determined that 1,226 participants will be needed (p<0.05, power 90%). Patients with acute limb fracture who receive nonoperative treatment will be recruited and randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group will receive oral oxycodone (5 mg)/acetaminophen (325 mg), and the control group will receive acetaminophen (650 mg) only. The primary outcome measure will be scores on the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) over 14 days. Secondary outcome measures are scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5d), self-rated satisfaction with the analgesia produced, self-reported nighttime sleep duration, number of intervention or control pills used, total duration for taking intervention or control medication. Change of pain scores and the number of times that analgesic drugs were taken in the two groups will be statistically evaluated with t-student tests according to their fracture site. Discussion This study will be a randomized controlled trial that is adequately powered to test the hypothesis that acetaminophen is noninferior to the combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone in relieving objectively measured pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures in adults. It is hopeful to provide a safe and effective analgesic plan for such patients. Trial registration numbers ChiCTR registry: ChiCTR1800017015 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28612). Registered on 8 July 2018.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of the extracorporeal shock wave therapy in patients with postherpetic neuralgia: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Chen ◽  
Ruihao Zhou ◽  
Fuguo Sun ◽  
Yan Weng ◽  
Ling Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Postherpetic Neuralgia ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Interventional Therapy ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is one of the most common chronic neuropathic pain, which seriously affected the quality of the life due to the severity of pain and the poor response to the current treatment. The main management strategies of PHN include medication therapy and invasive interventional therapy. However, there are lots of side effects. It is meaningful to find another effective and safe treatment for PHN. Methods: A single-center, randomized, single-blind clinical trial will be held. A total of 98 participants will be randomly divided into control group and experimental group in a 1:1 ratio. Patients in control group will receive conventional treatment including medication therapy and invasive interventional therapy. The experimental group will be treated with extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in addition to conventional therapy. The primary outcome is visual analogue scale (VAS), secondary outcome contains 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36), self-rating anxiety Scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Assessors who are blinded to the randomization will collect data during the intervention period at baseline, 1 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks in this study. The plasma levels of TNF-α、IL-6 in patients will be detected before and after ESWT to explore part of the biochemical mechanism of ESWT for the treatment of PHN. Discussion: This randomized controlled trial will be held to evaluate the actual effectiveness and safety of ESWT in patients with PHN, and thus provide clinical evidences for its application in the PHN management and explore the potential mechanism of this treatment. Trial registration: www.ChiCTR.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR1900025828. Registered on 10th September 2019.

scholarly journals Does regular strength training cause urinary incontinence in overweight inactive women? A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Bø ◽  
Lene Anette H. Haakstad ◽  
Gøran Paulsen ◽  
Anne Mette Rustaden
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Sum Score ◽  
New Onset

Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Urinary incontinence (UI) is common in women who exercise. We aimed to investigate new onset UI in formerly inactive, overweight or obese women (BMI > 25) participating in three different strength training modalities compared with a non-exercising control group. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an assessor blinded randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of 12 weeks of three strength training concepts for women on muscle strength and body composition. None of the programs included pelvic floor muscle training. International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI-SF) was used to investigate primary outcome; new onset UI, and secondary outcome; ICIQ-UI-SF sum score. Suissa and Shuster’s exact unconditional test was used to analyze difference in new onset UI. Difference in ICIQ-UI-SF sum score is presented as mean with 95% CI. Results At baseline 40 out of 128 (31.2%) participants reported UI. Three out of 27, 2 out of 17, 2 out of 23, and 0 out of 21 women in the three training and control groups respectively had new onset UI. There were no statistically significant differences in new onset UI across the groups or when collapsing new onset UI in the intervention groups compared with the controls (7 out of 67 vs 0 out of 21), p = 0.124. After the intervention the control group reported worse ICIQ-UI-SF sum score than any of the training groups; mean difference − 6.6 (95% CI: −11.9, −1.27), p = 0.012, but there was no difference in change from baseline to 12 weeks between the groups p = 0.145). Conclusions There was no statistically significant change in UI after strength training.

scholarly journals Neurofeedback for tinnitus: Study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial assessing the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in alleviating both the sound perception and the psychological distress, in a cohort of chronic tinnitus sufferers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jensen ◽  
Eva Hüttenrauch ◽  
Jennifer Schmidt ◽  
Gerhard Andersson ◽  
Mira-Lynn Chavanon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Active Comparator ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Tinnitus Distress ◽  
Training Protocol

Abstract Background Tinnitus is a very common condition, which for some can have debilitating psychological consequences. Although some interventions are helpful in learning how to cope better with the tinnitus, at present there is no cure. Neurofeedback is an emerging treatment modality in tinnitus. Previous studies, utilizing an alpha/delta training protocol have shown promise. However, they were characterized by small sample sizes and lack of neurofeedback control conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, if an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol, compared to beta/theta neurofeedback or a diary control group, is effective in reducing, not only the tinnitus sound perception, but also the psychological symptoms associated with the condition. Methods The study is designed as a three-armed, single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Participants are randomly assigned to either an established neurofeedback protocol for tinnitus (alpha/delta training), another neurofeedback protocol as active comparator (beta/theta training) or diary control group. In the four-week intervention period, participants in both neurofeedback groups undergo ten sessions, whereas participants in the diary control group complete a diary bi-weekly. The primary outcomes are between group differences in tinnitus sound percept change, as measured with the Tinnitus Magnitude Index (TMI) and changes in tinnitus distress, measured with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), four weeks post baseline. Secondary outcome measures include changes in tinnitus distress, sleep quality, depressive symptoms and whether neurofeedback leads to specific power changes in the trained frequency bands. Discussion This is the first double-blind, randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in reducing the tinnitus sound percept and the distress associated with the condition. Compared to former studies, the present study is designed to assess both the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol by including an active comparator, beta/theta neurofeedback training, and in addition to control for placebo effects by inclusion of a diary control group. We hope this study contributes not only to our understanding of the neurological underpinnings of tinnitus, but also to the potentiality of neurofeedback as a therapeutic agent.

Urokinase-Containing Locking Solution in the Prevention of Dialysis Catheter Dysfunction: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Bonkain ◽  
Freya Van Hulle ◽  
Peter Janssens ◽  
Concetta Catalano ◽  
Mandelina Allamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Systemic Thrombolysis ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
History Of

Introduction The prophylactic use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator once weekly reduces the incidence rate of tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC) malfunction and bacteremia as compared to the exclusive use of heparin as locking solution. Restricting the use of prophylactic thrombolytic agents to patients with a history of thrombotic TCC malfunction could be more cost effective. We conduct a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial and test the hypothesis that weekly use of urokinase lock will reduce the incidence of thrombotic malfunction by 50% in prevalent hemodialysis patients with a history of thrombotic malfunction. Methods Patients with a history of at least two separate TCC thrombotic dysfunctions treated with urokinase lock during the 6 months preceding inclusion are recruited in eight Belgian dialysis units. Patients are randomized in two groups: the control group receiving Taurolock™-HEP500 (heparin 500 IU/mL, taurolidine, citrate 4%) after each hemodialysis session and the treatment group receiving Taurolock-U 25,000 (urokinase 25,000, taurolidine, citrate 4%) once a week and the standard Taurolock-HEP500 at the end of the two others sessions. The primary outcome is the incidence rate of TCC thrombotic dysfunction defined by the use of urokinase. The secondary outcomes are the incidence rate of TCC removal and systemic thrombolysis. For the study, both patients and healthcare staff are blinded to treatment allocation. Conclusions The present trial is the first to investigate the effect of Taurolock-U 25,000 catheter lock once a week as secondary prevention in hemodialysis patients with the highest risk of TCC-related thrombotic dysfunction. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02036255

scholarly journals Effects of Bupropion on Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Mansoureh Mirzadeh ◽  
Najmeh Shahini ◽  
Masoud Kashani Lotf Abadi ◽  
Maryam Tavakoli ◽  
Arash Javanbakht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

<p>Smoking habits are common in schizophrenic patients. Nicotine can suppress negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of bupropion on cognitive function in schizophrenic patients.<strong> </strong>This study is a double blind randomized controlled trial in a large referral psychiatric university hospital in Iran. Ninety smoker schizophrenic patients were randomly allocated (based on DSM -IV TR criteria) in two groups (46 patients for case group and 44 patients in control group). They get risperidone up to 6 mg/d and bupropion up to 400 mg/d .clinical assessment (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) were taken in beginning of study, 14<sup>th</sup> and 28<sup>th</sup> days of study. Cognitive assessment (Stroop, Digit Span, and Wechsler, Wisconsin) were taken in begging of study, the days 2<sup>nd</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, 28<sup>th</sup>. All data were analyzed by SPSS Ver. 17 with analytic and descriptive tests. Mean age of patients was 37.66±1.01. Mean duration of disorder was 11.63±.98 years. The scores were significantly lower at the day 28<sup>th</sup> compared to the beginning of the study in both groups in Wechsler, Stroop color word , Stroop word , Stroop color , BPRS, PANSS p value ≤0.05 .The difference between the two treatments was not significant as indicated by the effect of group, the between-subjects factor<strong> </strong><strong>p </strong>value ≥0.05. In this study, the side effects were examined and there was no significant difference between the two groups p value ≥0.05.<strong> </strong>Augmentation of bupropion to routine treatment improves cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia in abstinence of tobacco.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Cleaning Methods on Bacterial Burden of Hospital Privacy Curtains: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kianna Cadogan ◽  
Sabrin Bashar ◽  
Saul Magnusson ◽  
Rakesh Patidar ◽  
John Embil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bacterial Burden ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
Cleaning Methods

Abstract Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are an important global issue, leading to poor patient outcomes. A potential route of transmission of HAIs is through contact with hospital privacy curtains. The aim of this study is to evaluate cleaning on reduction of curtain bacterial burden. In this pilot cluster randomized controlled trial we compared the bacterial burden between three groups of 24 curtains on a regional burn/plastic surgery ward. A control group was not cleaned. Two groups were cleaned at three to four day intervals with either disinfectant spray or wipe. The primary outcome was the difference in mean CFU/cm 2 between day 0 to day 21. The secondary outcome was the proportion of curtains contaminated with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). By day 21, the control group was statistically higher (2.2 CFU/cm2) than spray (1.3 CFU/cm2) or wipe (1.5 CFU/cm2) (p < 0.05). After cleaning at three to four day intervals, the bacterial burden on the curtains reduced to near day 0 levels; however, this increased over the intervening three to four days. By day 21, 64% of control curtains were contaminated with MRSA compared to 10% (spray) and 5% (wipe) (p < 0.05). This study show that curtains start clean and progressively become contaminated with bacteria. Regularly cleaning curtains with disinfectant spray or wipes reduces bacterial burden and MRSA contamination.

scholarly journals Neurofeedback for tinnitus: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial assessing the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in alleviating both the sound perception and the psychological distress, in a cohort of chronic tinnitus sufferers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jensen ◽  
Eva Hüttenrauch ◽  
Jennifer Schmidt ◽  
Gerhard Andersson ◽  
Mira-Lynn Chavanon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Active Comparator ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Tinnitus Distress ◽  
Training Protocol

Abstract Background Tinnitus is a very common condition, which for some can have debilitating psychological consequences. Although some interventions are helpful in learning how to cope better with the tinnitus, at present there is no cure. Neurofeedback is an emerging treatment modality in tinnitus. Previous studies, utilizing an alpha/delta training protocol have shown promise. However, they were characterized by small sample sizes and lack of neurofeedback control conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate, if an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol, compared to beta/theta neurofeedback or a diary control group, is effective in reducing, not only the tinnitus sound perception, but also the psychological symptoms associated with the condition. Methods The study is designed as a three-armed, randomized controlled trial. Participants are randomly assigned to either an established neurofeedback protocol for tinnitus (alpha/delta training), another neurofeedback protocol as active comparator (beta/theta training) or diary control group. In the four-week intervention period, participants in both neurofeedback groups undergo ten sessions, whereas participants in the diary control group complete a diary bi-weekly. The primary outcomes are between group differences in tinnitus sound percept change, as measured with the Tinnitus Magnitude Index (TMI) and changes in tinnitus distress, measured with the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), four weeks after the start of the intervention. Secondary outcome measures include changes in tinnitus distress, sleep quality, depressive symptoms and whether neurofeedback leads to specific power changes in the trained frequency bands. Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol in reducing the tinnitus sound percept and the distress associated with the condition. Compared to former studies, the present study is designed to assess both the specificity of an alpha/delta neurofeedback training protocol by including an active comparator, beta/theta neurofeedback training, and in addition to control for placebo effects by inclusion of a diary control group. We hope this study contributes to our understanding of the potentiality of neurofeedback as a treatment for tinnitus.

scholarly journals Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic PS128 in Children with Tourette Syndrome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3698
Author(s):  
Chang-Chun Wu ◽  
Lee-Chin Wong ◽  
Chia-Jui Hsu ◽  
Chianne-Wen Yang ◽  
Ying-Chieh Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Environmental

Tourette syndrome results from a complex interaction between social–environmental factors, multiple genetic abnormalities, and neurotransmitter disturbances. This study is a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial using probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 as an intervention to examine if probiotics improve symptoms of children with Tourette syndrome. This study enrolled children aged 5 to 18 years old who fulfilled DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Tourette syndrome. Patients were assessed before initiating the trial, at one month, and at two months after randomization. The primary outcome was evaluated by Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), and the secondary outcome studied the possible comorbidities in these children. The results revealed no significant difference in improvement in YGTSS between the control group and the PS128 group. As for secondary endpoints, an analysis of Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) showed improvement in commission and detectability in the PS128 group. In conclusion, although probiotics may not have tic-reducing effects in children with Tourette syndrome, it may have benefits on comorbidities such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of probiotics on the comorbidities of Tourette syndrome children.

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