Opposite Direction for Seasonal Variation of Aflatoxin M1 in Bulk Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Rations: Results From a Prospective Study in Selected Dairy Farms of Qazvin Province, Iran

Abstract The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 24h bulk milk and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in concurrent total mixed rations (TMR) and feed ingredients were assessed in 12 large dairy operations. The bulk milk was sampled on days 1, 15 and 30 during winter and summer (n=72). Total mixed rations (n=48) and feed ingredients (n=230) were sampled two times with a 30-day interval. Aflatoxin was measured using direct competitive ELISA kits with detection limits of 1-81 ngkg−1 for milk and 1.25-101.25 ngkg−1 for feeds. Aflatoxin M1 was identified in all milk samples (100%), ranging from 2.03 to >81 ngkg−1, with a median of 70 ngkg−1 and averaging 61.25±28.91 ngkg−1 in winter and 54.20±25.51 ngkg−1 in summer (P=0.279). Contaminations <81 ngkg−1 (below the Iranian standard of 100 ngkg-1) were detected in 76% (n=55/72) of samples. Contaminations >81 ngkg−1 were detected in 24% (n=17/72) of samples and were more frequent in winter than in summer (42% vs. 6%). Sixty-nine percent of the winter milk samples (n=25/36) had contaminations above the median (70 ngkg−1). A reverse result was detected in summer. The chance of contaminations above median was higher in winter than in summer (OR=5.33, P=0.007). All TMR and ingredient samples had higher AFB1 contaminations in summer (P<0.05). Six TMR samples had non-detectable (<1.25 ngkg-1) values (5 in winter) and 7 samples had levels >101.25 ngkg-1 (all in summer). The chance of TMR contamination above the median (716 ngkg-1) was 5.57 times higher in summer than in winter (P=0.002). Seventy percent of the TMR samples had contaminations above the median in summer. Elevated levels of AFB1 of rations in summer (1375.50±905.02 vs. 537.05±558.79; P<0.002) did not result in elevation of AFM1 in milk, probably due to reduced AFB1 metabolism in the liver and lower dry matter intakes caused by heat stress. The AFB1 content of grain mix succeeded by corn silage, wet beet pulp, dry beet pulp and alfalfa hay were correlated with TMR contamination. Ration AFB1 and milk AFM1 were not correlated. Based on the results, a great majority of milk produced in the studied farms could have AFM1 contaminations below the Iranian standard limit (100 ngkg-1). Contaminations below 50 ngkg-1 appear to be achievable and affordable. Intensifying the controlling measures in summer, when the feed contaminations are elevated, may reduce the overall milk contamination.

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Study of aflatoxins incidence in cow feed and milk in Serbia during 2013.

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind140619087s ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (6) ◽

pp. 651-656 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Danka Spiric ◽

Jasna Djinovic ◽

Vesna Jankovic ◽

Branko Velebit ◽

Tatjana Radicevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Self Control ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Beet Pulp

Atypical weather and climate conditions during the spring and summer 2012th were assumed to be the main reason for the aflatoxins contamination of corn crops in Serbia. High humidity in spring, and summer temperatures above the average contributed to the increased possibility of mycotoxins occurance in cereals in the fields. As a consequence, at the begining of 2013th contaminated corn used for dairy cows diet had negative impact on the safety of cow milk. The routine laboratory control data revealed an increased content of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples. Large number of raw milk and various feedstuff samples were collected from February to April 2013th and were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 respectively. The collected samples were a part of enhanced self-control plans of the large dairy farms. Quantitative competitive and sandwich types of ELISA tests were used for the screening analysis of the feed and milk samples. Confirmation of the positive results obtained by ELISA tests was performed by UPLC-MS/MS method. Out of 281 samples of complete mixtures for dairy cows, 67 samples (24%) contained aflatoxin B1 quantities higher than the MRL of 0,005 mg/kg [4]. Corn samples were also tested for the presence of aflatoxin B1 revealing contamination of 22% above the MRL (0.03mg/kg). Aflatoxin M1 content in the 934 positive milk samples ranged from 0,005- 1,25 ?g/kg. The corresponding feed samples of sunflower meal, hay silage, corn silage and sugar beet pulp were screening negative, with the content of aflatoxin B1 less than 2 ?g/kg. The main source of aflatoxins were corn samples, wholemeal and feed mixtures derived from contaminated corn. The contamination peak was during March 2013, when 65% of milk samples contained amounts of aflatoxin M1 higher than 0,05 ?g/kg, and 13% of milk samples contained amounts higher than 0,5 ?g/kg.

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Occurrence of Aflatoxin in Dairy Cow Feed Ingredients and Total Mixed Ration

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.13454 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 679-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zeinab Mohammadi Shad ◽

Mehrdad Ghavami ◽

Griffiths G. Atungulu

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dairy Cow ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Farm Management ◽

Average Level ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Milk Samples

Abstract. The level of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in dairy cow feed ingredients and Total Mixed Rations (TMRs) procured at two farms for low- and high-yielding dairy cows were surveyed. Raw milk from the two groups of cows at each farm was sampled 24 h after feeding the cows with examined feedstuffs during both the rainy and the non-rainy season. The aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) level in the raw milk samples was measured 12-24 h later. The levels of AFB1 in feed and AFM1 in milk were determined by validated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The influence of farm management and type of feeding system on aflatoxin occurrence were considered. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 100% of feed and milk samples, respectively. The average level of AFB1 in the feed ingredients and TMRs were in the range of 1.6-104.7 µg/kg and 11.0-56.0 µg/kg, respectively. The average level of AFM1 in milk samples was 77.0 ng/L. The average concentrations of AFB1 in feeds and AFM1 in milk procured in the rainy season were significantly greater than those procured in the non-rainy season (p<0.05). Of the studied feed, maize silage was determined as the most contaminated feed ingredient in terms of AFB1 content. Furthermore, the AFM1 in 75% of milk samples obtained from high-yielding dairy cows and 25% of milk samples obtained from low-yielding dairy cows indicated AFM1 level higher than the maximum allowable Europe Commission limit of 50 ng/L. The results also showed that the occurrence of AFB1 in feed varied with farm feed management. The extent of translocation to AFMI in milk samples was dependent on type of cow, whether low- or high- milk yielding. This study suggests regular risk analysis and using good farm management practices are important to control aflatoxin contamination in feed and milk. Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, Dairy cows, Feed, Milk yield.

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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Cow's Milk by Using HPLC-FLD, in Injibara Town, Awi Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia

10.20944/preprints202010.0181.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adisie Kassa ◽

Alemu Talema ◽

Getasew Ketsela

Keyword(s):

Regression Coefficient ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Mean Values ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Standard Calibration ◽

Production Areas ◽

Standard Limit ◽

Raw Cow’S Milk

The aim of this study, therefore, provides information about Aflatoxin levels in raw cow’s milk in Injibara Town of Awi Administrative zone by using HPLC-FLD. A good linearity of standard calibration was found for AFM1 at a range of 0.5–7 µg/L. Regression coefficient (R2) values were 0.9999, whereas slope and intercept were 2.5278 and 0.1012, respectively. The average recoveries for the spiked samples were range from76.62– 90.98 % and the RSD values ranged between 2.55–7.36 %. The results showed that 15 % of samples (3 out of 20) were contaminated with AFM1 in the range of 0.046–0.22 µg/L. The average contamination level was 0.121 µg/L. The determined mean values of AFM1 in the collected milk samples were above the standard limit of the European Commission and lower than the level established by United States regulations. Further monitoring of Aflatoxin in milk samples from different regions of the country is justified to conclusively determine the actual safe/risks and possibly low Aflatoxins-risk milk production areas.

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Monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in donkey milk produced in Greece, intended for human consumption

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2017.2169 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 203-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. Malissiova ◽

A. Manouras

Keyword(s):

Statistical Difference ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Donkey Milk ◽

Chemical Contaminants ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Different Types ◽

Low Levels ◽

Aflatoxin B ◽

The Eu

Donkey milk is considered as a precious food on nutritional and microbiological grounds. Nevertheless, there is lack of evidence on the issue of chemical contaminants present in donkey milk. Aflatoxin M1 is a contaminant with serious health hazards, that is frequently present in other types of milk. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the levels of aflatoxin M1 in donkey milk in Greece, intended for human consumption. Thirty-six donkey milk samples were collected over a period of a year from 12 donkey farms, representing 80% of the donkey farms. Samples were analysed with ELISA and analytical results were statistically associated with seasonality and type of feeds used in donkey rearing. Aflatoxin M1 was found in 5 out of 36 samples (13.9%), with a range of 5-26.5 ng/l, while in no sample the toxin was found at a concentration above the EU limit (50 ng/l). There was no statistical difference found among seasons or different types of feed used in donkey farming (P>0.05). Donkey milk in Greece presents very low levels of aflatoxin M1, possibly due to the type of feeds used for donkeys rearing and also due to the very low carryover of aflatoxin B1 to M1 that has been reported for donkeys. Donkey milk is considered as safe with relation to aflatoxin M1, but constant monitoring is advised, as aflatoxin levels in plants for feed are affected by many factors.

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A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Bulk Milk Samples from Dairy Bovine, Ovine, and Caprine Herds in Iran

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00128-012-0616-9 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 158-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ebrahim Rahimi ◽

Mehrdad Ameri

Keyword(s):

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Bulk Milk

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Financial losses for Dutch stakeholders during the 2013 aflatoxin incident in Maize in Europe

Mycotoxin Research ◽

10.1007/s12550-021-00429-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Focker ◽

H. J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽

A. G. J. M. Oude Lansink

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Uncertain Data ◽

Feed Industry ◽

Sequence Of Events ◽

Bulk Milk ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Aflatoxin B ◽

Financial Losses

AbstractEarly 2013, high concentrations of aflatoxin M1 were found in the bulk milk of a few dairy farms in the Netherlands. These high concentrations were caused by aflatoxin B1 contaminated maize from Eastern Europe that was processed into compound feed, which was fed to dairy cows. Since the contamination was discovered in the downstream stages of the supply chain, multiple countries and parties were involved and recalls of the feed were necessary, resulting into financial losses. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct short-term financial losses related to the 2013 aflatoxin incident for the maize traders, the feed industry, and the dairy sector in the Netherlands. First, the sequence of events of the incident was retrieved. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation model was built to combine the scarce and uncertain data to estimate the direct financial losses for each stakeholder. The estimated total direct financial losses of this incident were estimated to be between 12 and 25 million euros. The largest share, about 60%, of the total losses was endured by the maize traders. About 39% of the total losses were for the feed industry, and less than 1% of the total losses were for the dairy sector. The financial losses estimated in this study should be interpreted cautiously due to limitations associated with the quality of the data used. Furthermore, this incident led to indirect long-term financial effects, identified but not estimated in this study.

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Proteolysis detection in milk: II. The effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on tyrosine value and its relationship with bacterial populations

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900014758 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 383-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. S. Juffs

Keyword(s):

Major Contributor ◽

Milk Supply ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Bulk Milk ◽

Upper Limit ◽

Principal Source ◽

Before And After

SummaryA study is reported of the effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on the tyrosine value (TV) of milk and its relationship with bacterial populations. For raw samples, mean TVs before and after preincubation for 20±2 h at both 25 and 30 °C differed (P < 0·001). After preincubation at 30 °C, the TV of 47 % of raw samples exceeded that considered to represent the upper limit of variation in the TV of a normal bulk milk supply. At this temperature, however, there was no indication that proteolytic psychrotrophs were a major contributor to increased TV. With preincubation of raw samples at 25 °C, an increase to above the upper limit of variation occurred in only 20 % of samples; however, proteolytic psychrotrophs appeared more active at this temperature. In similar samples preincubated after laboratory pasteurization, large increases occurred in TV after 20 ±2 h at 30 °C, while at 25 °C the increases were much smaller and of the order found for preincubated raw samples. The results showed, however, that nonpsychrotrophic bacteria were also the principal source of proteinase giving rise to increased TVs in laboratory pasteurized samples.

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