A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Bulk Milk Samples from Dairy Bovine, Ovine, and Caprine Herds in Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Rahimi ◽  
Mehrdad Ameri
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

scholarly journals Opposite Direction for Seasonal Variation of Aflatoxin M1 in Bulk Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Rations: Results From a Prospective Study in Selected Dairy Farms of Qazvin Province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravel Gholampour-Aghdami ◽  
Mehdi Mohebbi-Fani ◽  
Arash Omidi ◽  
Aria Rasooli ◽  
Maryam Maryam Ansari-Lari
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Controlling Measures ◽  
Standard Limit

Abstract The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 24h bulk milk and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in concurrent total mixed rations (TMR) and feed ingredients were assessed in 12 large dairy operations. The bulk milk was sampled on days 1, 15 and 30 during winter and summer (n=72). Total mixed rations (n=48) and feed ingredients (n=230) were sampled two times with a 30-day interval. Aflatoxin was measured using direct competitive ELISA kits with detection limits of 1-81 ngkg−1 for milk and 1.25-101.25 ngkg−1 for feeds. Aflatoxin M1 was identified in all milk samples (100%), ranging from 2.03 to >81 ngkg−1, with a median of 70 ngkg−1 and averaging 61.25±28.91 ngkg−1 in winter and 54.20±25.51 ngkg−1 in summer (P=0.279). Contaminations <81 ngkg−1 (below the Iranian standard of 100 ngkg-1) were detected in 76% (n=55/72) of samples. Contaminations >81 ngkg−1 were detected in 24% (n=17/72) of samples and were more frequent in winter than in summer (42% vs. 6%). Sixty-nine percent of the winter milk samples (n=25/36) had contaminations above the median (70 ngkg−1). A reverse result was detected in summer. The chance of contaminations above median was higher in winter than in summer (OR=5.33, P=0.007). All TMR and ingredient samples had higher AFB1 contaminations in summer (P<0.05). Six TMR samples had non-detectable (<1.25 ngkg-1) values (5 in winter) and 7 samples had levels >101.25 ngkg-1 (all in summer). The chance of TMR contamination above the median (716 ngkg-1) was 5.57 times higher in summer than in winter (P=0.002). Seventy percent of the TMR samples had contaminations above the median in summer. Elevated levels of AFB1 of rations in summer (1375.50±905.02 vs. 537.05±558.79; P<0.002) did not result in elevation of AFM1 in milk, probably due to reduced AFB1 metabolism in the liver and lower dry matter intakes caused by heat stress. The AFB1 content of grain mix succeeded by corn silage, wet beet pulp, dry beet pulp and alfalfa hay were correlated with TMR contamination. Ration AFB1 and milk AFM1 were not correlated. Based on the results, a great majority of milk produced in the studied farms could have AFM1 contaminations below the Iranian standard limit (100 ngkg-1). Contaminations below 50 ngkg-1 appear to be achievable and affordable. Intensifying the controlling measures in summer, when the feed contaminations are elevated, may reduce the overall milk contamination.

Proteolysis detection in milk: II. The effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on tyrosine value and its relationship with bacterial populations

1973 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Juffs
Keyword(s):  
Major Contributor ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Before And After

SummaryA study is reported of the effect of preincubation of raw and laboratory pasteurized bulk milk samples on the tyrosine value (TV) of milk and its relationship with bacterial populations. For raw samples, mean TVs before and after preincubation for 20±2 h at both 25 and 30 °C differed (P < 0·001). After preincubation at 30 °C, the TV of 47 % of raw samples exceeded that considered to represent the upper limit of variation in the TV of a normal bulk milk supply. At this temperature, however, there was no indication that proteolytic psychrotrophs were a major contributor to increased TV. With preincubation of raw samples at 25 °C, an increase to above the upper limit of variation occurred in only 20 % of samples; however, proteolytic psychrotrophs appeared more active at this temperature. In similar samples preincubated after laboratory pasteurization, large increases occurred in TV after 20 ±2 h at 30 °C, while at 25 °C the increases were much smaller and of the order found for preincubated raw samples. The results showed, however, that nonpsychrotrophic bacteria were also the principal source of proteinase giving rise to increased TVs in laboratory pasteurized samples.

scholarly journals PP-040 Real-time PCR assay for identification of Brucella abortus in bulk milk samples in Iran

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. S36-S37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moshkelani ◽  
M. Javaheri Koupaei ◽  
S. Rabiei ◽  
A. Doosti
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Antibodies against nematodes in serum, milk and bulk milk samples as possible estimators of infection in dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kloosterman ◽  
J. Verhoeff ◽  
H.W. Ploeger ◽  
T.J.G.M. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
White Cheese ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly  high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

scholarly journals Determination of Fat, Protein, and Lactose in Raw Milk by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and by Analysis with a Conventional Filter-Based Milk Analyzer

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lefier ◽  
Remy Grappin ◽  
Sylvie Pochet
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Single Calibration

Abstract The accuracy of fat, crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), and lactose determinations of raw milk by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis with a conventional filter-based milk analyzer was assessed in 6 trials performed over a 10-month period. At each trial, 30 bulk milk samples collected from 15 European countries and 11 reconstituted milks made from raw milk components were analyzed. When calibrations were performed with reconstituted milks at each trial, accuracy standard deviations for fat, CP, TP, and lactose were, respectively, 0.050,0.048,0.035, and 0.076 g/100 g for the filter instrument and 0.047, 0.046,0.042, and 0.065 g/100 g for the FTIR instrument. When a single calibration was made instead of calibrations at each trial, accuracy standard deviations increased for the filter instrument to 0.130, 0.119,0.121, and 0.083 for fat, CP, TP, and lactose, respectively, and for the FTIR instrument to 0.082, 0.053,0.044, and 0.084 g/100 g. Because the FTIR instrument provides more spectral information related to milk composition than does the filter instrument, single-calibration FTIR analysis of milk samples collected in different seasons is more accurate. Using reconstituted milks, prepared such that there is no correlation between fat, CP, and lactose, provides a more robust calibration than using genuine bulk milk, especially when milks with unusual composition are analyzed.

Ammoniation of Whole Cottonseed at Atmospheric Pressure and Ambient Temperature to Reduce Aflatoxin M1 in Milk1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. PRICE ◽  
O. G. LOUGH ◽  
W. H. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Whole Cottonseed ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Aflatoxin-contaminated cottonseed was treated with 1 1/2% ammonia and 10% water and packed into a 3 m in diameter by 30-m long polyethylene bag and held for 21 d. The ammoniated cottonseed was fed to lactating dairy cattle in two different trials. (a) Ammoniated cottonseed was added to a standard dairy ration for 90 cows at a level of 3.5 kg per cow per day for 19 d. Non-ammoniated cottonseed was then fed at the same level for 7 d. Daily analysis of the milk from the bulk tank was performed. No differences in aflatoxin M1 from the background level of 0.1 μg/L was noted until the 22nd day of feeding. The maximum aflatoxin M1 level was reached at 0.55 μg/L on days 25–27. Levels returned to 0.1 μg/L 4 d after resumption of the feeding of the standard dairy ration. (b) Two and two tenths kg per day of ammoniated or non-ammoniated seed were added to rations of each of 6 dairy cows for 7 d. Milk samples were taken two milkings before feeding of the cottonseed, at each milking during the feeding and for 7 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Analysis of milk for aflatoxin M1 showed a maximum level of 1.8 μg/L from the group receiving the untreated cottonseed and a maximum of 0.18 from the group receiving the ammoniated meal. Milk from both groups was negative for aflatoxin M1 6 d after cottonseed feeding ceased. Ammoniation of whole cottonseed included in the ration of dairy cattle was effective in reducing the amount of aflatoxin M1 in their milk by approximately 90% but not in completely eliminating it at treatment conditions used.

scholarly journals Turn-On Fluorescence Aptasensor on Magnetic Nanobeads for Aflatoxin M1 Detection Based on an Exonuclease III-Assisted Signal Amplification Strategy

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Fuyuan Zhang ◽  
Linyang Liu ◽  
Shengnan Ni ◽  
Jiankang Deng ◽  
Guo-Jun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Amplification ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Exonuclease Iii ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Exo Iii ◽  
Amplification Strategy ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Magnetic Nanobeads

In order to satisfy the need for sensitive detection of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), we constructed a simple and signal-on fluorescence aptasensor based on an autocatalytic Exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted signal amplification strategy. In this sensor, the DNA hybridization on magnetic nanobeads could be triggered by the target AFM1, resulting in the release of a single-stranded DNA to induce an Exo III-assisted signal amplification, in which numerous G-quadruplex structures would be produced and then associated with the fluorescent dye to generate significantly amplified fluorescence signals resulting in the increased sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, this aptasensor was able to detect AFM1 with a practical detection limit of 9.73 ng kg−1 in milk samples. Furthermore, the prepared sensor was successfully used for detection of AFM1 in the commercially available milk samples with the recovery percentages ranging from 80.13% to 108.67%. Also, the sensor performance was evaluated by the commercial immunoassay kit with satisfactory results.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P &lt; 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P &gt; 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

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