scholarly journals Spatial Phase Synchronisation of Pistachio Alternate Bearing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenshi Sakai ◽  
Patrick Brown ◽  
Todd Rosenstock ◽  
Shrinivasa Upadhyaya ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Synchrony ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Tent Map ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Common Noise ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Resource Budget Model ◽  
Phase Out

Abstract Nonlinear physics and agroecosystems can be of great relevance in the synchronisations of chaotic oscillators. The endogenous dynamics of the seed production of perennial plant species which include alternate bearing and masting, portray typical synchronisation patterns in nature and can be modelled using a tent map known as a resource budget model (RBM). This study investigates the collective rhythm in 9,562 pistachio trees caused by their endogenous network dynamics and exogenous forces (common noise). Common noise and a local coupling of RBMs are the two primary factors emerging from the bearing phase synchronisation in this orchard. The in-phase/out-of-phase analysis technique quantifying the strength of the phase synchronisation in trees (population /individual) allows us to study the observed spatial synchrony in detail. We demonstrate how three essential factors, i.e. (a) common noise, (b) local direct coupling, and (c) the gradient of the cropping coefficient, explain the spatial synchrony of the orchard. Here, we also show that the methodology employing nonlinear physics to study agroecological systems can be useful for resolving practical problems in agriculture including yield variability and spatial synchrony which often compromise efficient resource management.

scholarly journals Direct coupling: a possible strategy to control fruit production in alternate bearing

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Awadhesh Prasad ◽  
Kenshi Sakai ◽  
Yoshinobu Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Phase Synchronization ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Direct Coupling ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Tent Map ◽  
Coupled Nonlinear Oscillators ◽  
Resource Budget Model ◽  
Field Experimentation ◽  
The Given

Abstract We investigated the theoretical possibility of applying phenomenon of synchronization of coupled nonlinear oscillators to control alternate bearing in citrus. The alternate bearing of fruit crops is a phenomenon in which a year of heavy yield is followed by an extremely light one. This phenomenon has been modeled previously by the resource budget model, which describes a typical nonlinear oscillator of the tent map type. We have demonstrated how direct coupling, which could be practically realized through grafting, contributes to the nonlinear dynamics of alternate bearing, especially phase synchronization. Our results show enhancement of out-of-phase synchronization in production, which depends on initial conditions obtained under the given system parameters. Based on these numerical experiments, we propose a new method to control alternate bearing, say in citrus, thereby enabling stable fruit production. The feasibility of validating the current results through field experimentation is also discussed.

scholarly journals Farm Level Technical Efficiency of Paddy Production in Andhra Pradesh: An Empirical Evidence from the Cost of Cultivation Survey Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul, K.S.R.
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
The Cost

The study calculated technical efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis technique was employed, one of the non-parametric linear programing techniques to estimate the farm level technical efficiency of paddy production in Andhra Pradesh. This secondary data set contained 541 paddy producing farms/units across Andhra Pradesh state under five agro climatic zones viz North coastal, Godavari, Krishna, Southern and Scarce rainfall zones was studied. The results showed that the overall technical efficiency of the entire sample is 86.8 per cent inferring that about 13 per cent of the potential paddy yield is lost because of technical inefficiency in Andhra Pradesh. The yield gap was found to be 981.10 kg/ha in Godavari zone and a minimum yield gap of 335 kg/ha in North coastal zone with an average yield gap of 663 kg/ha for Andhra Pradesh indicating domestic paddy production could be significantly increased only by improving farmers practices with the current amount of resource they are using. The study suggested that there should be exposure to improved technologies, frequent trainings and experience sharing mechanisms with efficient resource management practices.

scholarly journals Density dependent Resource Budget Model for alternate bearing

2021 ◽  
Vol 509 ◽  
pp. 110498
Author(s):  
Shadisadat Esmaeili ◽  
Alan Hastings ◽  
Karen Abbott ◽  
Jonathan Machta ◽  
Vahini Reddy Nareddy
Keyword(s):  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Resource Budget Model ◽  
Resource Budget

scholarly journals By wind or wing: pollination syndromes and alternate bearing in horticultural systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1839) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Garcia ◽  
Bridget Re ◽  
Colin Orians ◽  
Elizabeth Crone
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Time Space

Cyclical fluctuations in reproductive output are widespread among perennial plants, from multi-year masting cycles in forest trees to alternate bearing in horticultural crops. In natural systems, ecological drivers such as climate and pollen limitation can result in synchrony among plants. Agricultural practices are generally assumed to outweigh ecological drivers that might synchronize alternate-bearing individuals, but this assumption has not been rigorously assessed and little is known about the role of pollen limitation as a driver of synchrony in alternate-bearing crops. We tested whether alternate-bearing perennial crops show signs of alternate bearing at a national scale and whether the magnitude of national-scale alternate bearing differs across pollination syndromes. We analysed the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations time series (1961–2018) of national crop yields across the top-producing countries of 27 alternate-bearing taxa, 6 wind-pollinated and 21 insect-pollinated. Alternate bearing was common in these national data and more pronounced in wind-pollinated taxa, which exhibited a more negative lag-1 autocorrelation and a higher coefficient of variation (CV). We highlight the mutual benefits of integrating ecological theory and agricultural data for (i) advancing our understanding of perennial plant reproduction across time, space and taxa, and (ii) promoting stable farmer livelihoods and global food supply. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants’.

scholarly journals Density Dependent Resource Budget Model for Alternate Bearing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadisadat Esmaeili ◽  
Alan Hastings ◽  
Karen Abbott ◽  
Jonathan Machta ◽  
Vahini Reddy Nareddy
Keyword(s):  
Stable Solution ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Environmental Stochasticity ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Resource Budget Model ◽  
Bearing Behavior ◽  
Resource Budget

ABSTRACTAlternate bearing, seen in many types of plants, is the variable yield with a strongly biennial pattern. In this paper, we introduce a new model for alternate bearing behavior. Similar to the well-known Resource Budget Model, our model is based on the balance between photosynthesis (carbon accumulation) and reproduction processes. We consider two novel features with our model, 1) the existence of a finite capacity in the tree’s resource reservoir and 2) the possibility of having low (but non-zero) yield when the tree’s energy level is low. We achieve the former using a density dependent resource accumulation function, and the latter by removing the concept of the well-defined threshold used in the Resource Budget Model. At the level of an individual tree, our model has a stable two-cycle solution, which is suitable to model plants in which the alternate bearing behavior is pronounced. We incorporate environmental stochasticity by adding two uncorrelated noise terms to the parameters of the model associated with the carbon accumulation and reproduction processes. Furthermore, we examine the model’s behavior on a system of two coupled trees with direct coupling. Unlike the coupled Resource Budget Model, for which the only stable solution is the out-of-phase solution, our model with diffusive coupling has stable in-phase period-2 solutions. This suggests that our model might serve to explain spatial synchrony on a larger scale.

Strain analysis in composite ceramics

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 494-497
Author(s):  
W. M. Kriven
Keyword(s):  
Strain Field ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Transformation Toughening ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Elastic Strain Field

Significant progress towards a fundamental understanding of transformation toughening in composite zirconia ceramics was made possible by the application of a TEM contrast analysis technique for imaging elastic strains. Spherical zirconia particles dispersed in a large-grained alumina matrix were examined by 1 MeV HVEM to simulate bulk conditions. A thermal contraction mismatch arose on cooling from the processing temperature of 1500°C to RT. Tetragonal ZrO2 contracted amisotropically with α(ct) = 16 X 10-6/°C and α(at) = 11 X 10-6/°C and faster than Al2O3 which contracted relatively isotropically at α = 8 X 10-6/°C. A volume increase of +4.9% accompanied the transformation to monoclinic symmetry at room temperature. The elastic strain field surrounding a particle before transformation was 3-dimensionally correlated with the internal crystallographic orientation of the particle and with the strain field after transformation. The aim of this paper is to theoretically and experimentally describe this technique using the ZrO2 as an example and thereby to illustrate the experimental requirements Tor such an analysis in other systems.

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