An Integrated Rare Earth Elements Supply Chain Strategy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Bopp
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Supply Chain Strategy

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements supply vs. clean energy technologies: new problems to be solve

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolu Zhou ◽  
Zhongxue Li ◽  
Yiqing Zhao ◽  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Yixin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Recycling Techniques ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) provide important properties to clean energy technologies such as wind turbine and hybrid electric vehicles. The global REE demand will grow rapidly during the global transformation toward a greener economy in the next decades. This high demand will require a steady supply chain in the long run. China has a monopoly of global REE production and extraction. The global REE supply chain runs the risk of disruption along with Chinese REE policy evolution. To overcome this supply chain vulnerability, new strategies and measures should be adopted to satisfy future REE supply/demand. There is a pressing need to explore REE deposits, develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, improve substitution technologies for REEs, and reduce the number of critical REEs used in devices. Such measures are facing significant challenges due to environmental factors and an unbalanced market, and overcoming them requires efforts from government and REE companies.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Magnet Recycling and Materialization for a Circular Economy—A Korean Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6739
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zarar Rasheed ◽  
Myung-suk Song ◽  
Sang-min Park ◽  
Sun-woo Nam ◽  
Javid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Rare Earth Magnet ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Korea is one of the largest consumers and a leading exporter of electronics, medical appliances, and heavy and light vehicles. Rare-earth (RE)-based magnets are indispensable for these technologies, and Korea is totally dependent on imports of compounds or composites of REEs, as the country lacks natural resources. Effect on rare earth supply chain significantly affects Korea’s transition towards a green economy. This study investigates the Republic of Korea’s approach to developing a secure rare earth supply chain for REE magnets via a recycling and materialization process known as ReMaT. It investigates the progress Korea has made so far regarding ReMaT from both technical and non-technical perspectives. Rare earth elements are successfully recycled as part of this process while experiments at the industrial scale is carried out. In this paper, the research results in terms of the extraction efficiency of rare earth elements are discussed and a comparison with previous relevant studies is provided. This study also highlights the opportunities and challenges regarding the implementation of the ReMaT process in order to create a downstream rare earth value chain based on circular economy principles.

scholarly journals Comparison of Different Leaching Media and Their Effect on REEs Recovery from Spent Nd-Fe-B Magnets

JOM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 806-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fupeng Liu ◽  
Antti Porvali ◽  
Petteri Halli ◽  
Benjamin P. Wilson ◽  
Mari Lundström
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Stoichiometric Amount ◽  
Double Sulfate

Abstract Recycling rare-earth elements (REEs) from Nd-Fe-B magnet waste is an important step towards building a sustainable REE supply chain. In this study, two different processes were systematically investigated and compared. In the leaching stage, the effect of increasing H2SO4 or HCl concentrations were studied and it was determined that, although both can successfully promote REEs, B, Fe and Co leaching, HCl solutions extracted a wider range of metals. After leaching, the oxalate and double-sulfate precipitation methods were utilized to separate REEs from either HCl or H2SO4 leachates. Results suggest that, although > 99% REEs precipitation rates could be achieved with oxalate, the purity of REE-containing products is significantly affected by impurities like Fe and Co. In contrast, REE double-sulfate precipitation resulted in a product purity of > 99%; however, high levels of Na2SO4 (8 times the stoichiometric amount) were needed to achieve > 98% of REE precipitation.

scholarly journals China, The World Trade Organization, And The Market For Rare Earth Minerals

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Giacalone ◽  
Genai Greenidge
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Rare Earth Metals ◽  
The World ◽  
Rare Earth Minerals ◽  
Supply Chain Risks ◽  
The Rare Earth

Rare earth elements (also referred to as rare earth minerals, rare earth metals, green elements, rare earths or simply REEs) are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. On the supply side of the market, China is currently the largest producer of rare earth elements in the world, mining at least 90% of total world production. Consequently, many countries around the world rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on the rare earth metals as raw materials. With one supplier effectively monopolizing the rare earth industry, this imposes severe supply-chain risks to the producers of products that rely on rare earth minerals. After several actions that have restricted the supply, the United States, the European Union, and Japan have challenged China for violating provisions of its membership in the World Trade Organization. This paper will examine the rare earth industry, Chinas near-monopoly, global supply-chain risks, and strategies to reduce dependence on China, including the invocation of the WTOs dispute resolution process.

scholarly journals Rare earth elements in the international economic scenario

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Enrique Arroyo Ortiz ◽  
Elias Marques Viana Júnior
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Rare Earths ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Supply Chain Structure ◽  
Mineral Reserves

This article will focus on some relevant aspects of rare earths within the context of the mineral economy. It starts with a conceptual presentation of rare earths addressing both governmental actions, and the private sector. Then, briefly describes their chemical characteristics and their main applications. Finally, more emphasis will be given about some economic aspects: the supply chain structure, the mineral reserves, the production profile, the demand, supply and price analyses, both in the international and Brazilian contexts, and the exports and imports, highlighting China's participation in the rare earth market and concluding with the existence of a Chinese monopoly in the production of this product.

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