Since many interesting and novel phenomena arise from non-linear interactions between two or more different materials with opposite properties, e.g., acid vs. base, p-type vs. n-type semiconduction, reducing vs. oxidizing, host vs. guest, conducting vs. insulating, etc., it is very important to design or set, the fields where the non-linear interactions take place. This is a very important aspect of materials design. The most interesting and probably most understandable study field for non-linear interactions is interfaces. Since design of interfaces is called “two-dimensional” design [1], and processing is necessary after design, processing may therefore be called “two-dimensional processing” for novel functions.
The two-dimensional and three-dimensional processing of images provided by conventional microscopes