(The Synergistic Effect of Public Procurement in the Economies of the Common Economic Space)

The most frequently used medications for chronic pain are local anesthetics (LA) and glucocorticoids. Common adverse events from LA, such as seizures and cardiotoxicity, are well known. A lesser known side effect is local tissue reaction to the LA concentration. Myotoxicity is one of the common denominators of direct tissue reaction to LA; it results from the disruption of the mitochondria in the muscle cells. All LA produce some degree of myotoxicity; bupivacaine has the greatest effect and procaine the least. If LA is combined with glucocorticoid, muscle breakdown is even more extensive showing a synergistic effect. Myotoxicity depends primarily on LA concentration, is time dependent, and is enhanced by preexisting altered metabolism. It affects mostly young patients. Potential effects of long-term or repeated administration of the combination LA/glucocorticoids medications should always be considered and discussed with patients.

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Policy Choices and the Regulation of Public Procurement in the Common Market

The Liberalisation of Public Procurement and its Effects on the Common Market ◽

10.4324/9780429442056-7 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 196-223

Author(s):

Christopher Bovis

Keyword(s):

Public Procurement ◽

Common Market ◽

Policy Choices ◽

The Common

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The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) From the Perspective of International Relations (IR) Theories

Regional Integration and Future Cooperation Initiatives in the Eurasian Economic Union - Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1950-9.ch003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 37-55

Author(s):

Gülşen Şeker Aydın

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Stability Theory ◽

Customs Union ◽

Economic Space ◽

Eurasian Economic Union ◽

Eclectic Approach ◽

Overall Evaluation ◽

The Common ◽

Economic Union ◽

Hegemonic Stability

This chapter examines the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) from the perspective of the main theories in the Discipline of International Relations (IR). The author sketches out the main stages of the development of the EAEU cooperation by highlighting the conceptualization of the scheme by President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan in 1994, the establishment of the Customs Union (CU), and the Common Economic Space (CES) between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan in 2010. Theories analyzed include Neo-Realism, Neo-Classic Realism, Hegemonic Stability Theory, Liberalism, Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism, Neo-Institutionalism, the English School, Constructivism, and Neo-Gramscian Theory. The author makes an overall evaluation and stresses the need for an eclectic approach for analyzing the EAEU experience.

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