scholarly journals What Has Been Happening to UK Income Inequality Since the Mid-1990s? Answers from Reconciled and Combined Household Survey and Tax Return Data

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V. Burkhauser ◽  
Nicolas Herault ◽  
Stephen P. Jenkins ◽  
Roger Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Return Data

Health care financing and income inequality in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1419-1431
Author(s):  
Chukwuedo Susan Oburota ◽  
Olanrewaju Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Horizontal Inequity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Level

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to decompose the inequities induced by the Nigerian health care financing sources and their effect on the income distribution. Inequities in health care financing sources are of immense policy concern particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria, where high-level income inequality exists, and the cost of medical care is generally financed out-of-pocket (OOP) due to limited access to health insurance.Design/methodology/approachThe Duclos et al. decomposition model provided the theoretical framework for the study. Data were obtained from two waves of the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) panel, 2012–13 and 2015–16. The analysis covered 3,999 households in 2012–13 and 4,051 households in 2015–16. Two measures of health care financing: OOP payment and health insurance contribution (HIC) were used. The ability to pay measure was household consumption expenditure.FindingsThe major inequity issue induced by the OOP payments was vertical inequity. HICs created the problems of vertical inequity, horizontal inequity and reranking among households. Overall both health care financing options were associated with the worsening of income inequality both at the national and sectorial levels in the country. The operations of the NHIS need to be improved to ensuring improved health care coverage for the poor.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an identified need to determine the income redistributive effects (REs) of the social health insurance (SHI) contribution at the national, urban and rural locations overtime.

Polarization

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faraz Riaz ◽  
Sofia Anwar ◽  
Samia Nasreen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Social Indicator ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Income Polarization ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Over Time

Polarization is an interesting additional social indicator for analyzing income inequality and poverty across countries, as it captures the phenomenon of ‘clustering around extreme poles'. Rising income polarization can be harmful since it is closely linked to poverty, social exclusion, social tension and social unrest. Present study emphasizes on the measurement of income polarization in Pakistan to determine the degree of this social conflict. Polarization is measured by the index provided in Bossert and Schwor (2006). Results are further decomposed over time to identify the major factors contributing to polarization in Pakistan. Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) and Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLM) surveys for the years 2001-02, 2004-05 and 2007-08 are utilized for the sake of empirical analysis. The results reveal that the polarization increased from 2001-02 to 2004-05 and then it decreased from 2004-05 to 2007-08.

scholarly journals The stability of income inequality in Brazil, 2006-2012: an estimate using income tax data and household surveys

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Medeiros ◽  
Pedro Herculano Guimarães Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Fábio Ávila de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
National Household Survey ◽  
The Stability

Object: the level and evolution of income inequality among adults in Brazil between 2006 and 2012.Objectives: to calculate the level of inequality, its trend over the years and the share of income growth appropriated by different social groups.Methodology: We combined tax data from the Annual Personal Income Tax Returns (Declaração Anual de Ajuste do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Física - DIRPF) and the Brazilian National Household Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD) to construct a complete distribution of total income among adults in Brazil. We applied Pareto interpolations to income tax tabulations to arrive at the distribution within income groups. We tested the results, comparing the PNAD to the Brazilian Consumption and Expenditure Survey (Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares - POF) and to data from the Census Subsample Survey (Census.Results: We found evidence that income inequality in Brazil is higher than previously thought and that it remained stable between 2006 and 2012; in making these findings, we thus diverged from most studies on the dynamics of inequality in Brazil.. There was income growth, but the top incomes have appropriated most of this growth.

scholarly journals Deconstructing Income and Income Inequality Measures: A Crosswalk from Market Income to Comprehensive Income

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Armour ◽  
Richard V Burkhauser ◽  
Jeff Larrimore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Market Income ◽  
Return Data

Recent research on levels and trends in the United States in income inequality vary substantially in how they measure income. We show the sensitivity of alternative income measures in capturing income trends using a unified data set. Focusing solely on market income or including realized taxable capital gains based on IRS tax return data in more comprehensive household income measures will dramatically increase inequality growth compared to capital gains measures more in keeping with Haig-Simons principles. Using a measure of yearly accrued capital gains dramatically reduces observed growth in income inequality across the distribution, but also equalizes income growth since 1989.

scholarly journals Top incomes and inequality in the UK: reconciling estimates from household survey and tax return data

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard V Burkhauser ◽  
Nicolas Hérault ◽  
Stephen P Jenkins ◽  
Roger Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
Top Incomes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Return Data

Income inequality and mobility of rural households in China from 2003 to 2006

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenkai Sun ◽  
Xianghong Wang ◽  
Chong-En Bai
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
Different Sources

Purpose – This paper aims to illustrate the trends of income growth and income inequality and examines the dynamics and determinants of income mobility in rural China from 2003 to 2006. Design/methodology/approach – The authors decomposed the Gini coefficient by different sources and analyzed income mobility using the method of income transition matrix. The authors then estimated the effects of demographic variables, labor migration, and other household characteristics on income growth using a dynamic panel data model. Findings – The study obtained important findings on income mobility and income inequality in rural China. First, annual income inequality in rural China was smoothed during this period after a decline from 2003, with the largest contribution from the income of migration work. Second, income mobility remained rather stable and relatively high, with higher mobility in the interior provinces than in the coastal provinces. Third, the income levels of the poor and the wealthy households converged during this period after controlling other factors. Fourth, income growth depends on in the households' demographic composition, their human capital accumulation, and their chances of getting migration jobs. Originality/value – The sound econometric methods applied to the most current rural household survey data provide important contributions to the literature of income inequality and income mobility in China.

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