Synthetic Cap Rate Indices (1991-Covid era)

Abstract Introduction Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) is suspected in individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and sleep fragmentation associated with increased respiratory effort. UARS can negatively impact daytime function. Conventional polysomnography parameters do not demonstrate significant abnormalities in UARS patients but increase in RERAs and arousal index. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) is a periodic electroencephalogram activity of non-REM sleep that expresses a condition of sleep instability. The objective of the study was to compare CAP components between UARS patients and health individuals. Methods Fifteen subjects with UARS and 15 age- and sex- matched controls had their sleep study blinded analyzed. UARS criteria were the presence of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale – ESS - ≥ 10) and/or fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale ≥ 38) associated with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≤ 5 and a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) > 5 events/hour of sleep, and/or flow limitation in more than 30% of total sleep time. Control group criteria were AHI < 5 events/hour, RDI ≤ 5 events/hour and < 30% of TST with flow limitation and ESS < 10, without sleep, clinical, neurological, or psychiatric disorder. CAP electroencephalogram of both groups was analyzed. Results We found higher CAP rate (p = 0.05) and CAP index in N1 stage (p < 0.001) and in N3 stage (p < 0.001) in UARS patients compared to control group. Considering only CAP phase A1 analysis, UARS patients presented higher CAP rate (p = 0.05) and CAP index in N1 stage (p < 0.001) as well as CAP index in N3 stage (p < 0.001) compared to control group. Considering only CAP phase A2 analysis, UARS patients also presented higher number of CAP in N1 stage (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference for CAP phase A3 between groups. Conclusion Although UARS is associated with high arousal index, we found increase in CAP phase A1 and A2, which do not include necessarily AASM arousals, suggesting not only sleep fragmentation but also sleep instability. Support (if any) Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP).

Download Full-text

P447 Effect of NREM sleep instability indicated by CAP rate on clinical manifestations of SRBD patients

Sleep Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.sleep.2006.07.256 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. S109-S110

Author(s):

Luciana Palombini ◽

Maria Cecilia Lopes ◽

Dácio Almeida Lopes ◽

Christian Guilleminault ◽

Sergio Tufik

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

Cap Rate

Download Full-text

0393 The Effect of Trazadone Use on Non-REM Sleep Instability in Community-Dwelling Older Men

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A150-A151

Author(s):

S Hartmann ◽

M Baumert

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Detection System ◽

Antidepressant Medication ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

Older Men ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Sleep Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cap Rate

Abstract Introduction With steadily growing numbers of patients with a depressive disorder, the effect of antidepressants on sleep architecture is of increasing concern. One major oral antidepressant medication is trazadone, which has also been prescribed in low doses for sleep insomnia treatment. Here, we investigate the effect of trazadone on NREM sleep instability also known as cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in community-dwelling older men. Methods CAP was scored in overnight EEG recordings from 41 older men on trazadone (TRZ) and 50 age-matched men who did not use trazadone (NTRZ), participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study. A high performance automated detection system determined the ratio between CAP time and NREM sleep time (CAP rate), the number of A1-phases per hour of NREM sleep (A1 index), and the number of A2+A3-phases per hour of NREM sleep (A2+A3 index). The effect of TRZ on CAP parameters was determined using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results CAP rate was significantly decreased in men using trazadone (NTRZ: 58.2±19.7%, TRZ: 47.9±15.9%) as compared to non-trazadone user (p < 0.01). Subtype indices did not show any significant difference between both groups but to some extent less frequent A2-A3 phases for TRZ user (A1-phases: NTRZ 13.0±18.7 no./h vs. TRZ 10.8±20.4 no./h, p = 0.35; A2+A3-phases: NTRZ 51.5±33.7 no./h vs. TRZ 44.7±23.3 no./h, p = 0.068). Conclusion CAP rate was significantly decreased in older men on trazadone as compared to older men who did not use trazadone, suggesting that trazadone usage has a stabilising effect on sleep micro-structure. Support The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) provides funding for the MrOS Sleep ancillary study “Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men” under the following grant numbers: R01 HL071194, R01 HL070848, R01 HL070847, R01 HL070842, R01 HL070841, R01 HL070837, R01 HL070838, and R01 HL070839.

Download Full-text

Cap Rate

Encyclopedia of Finance ◽

10.1007/0-387-26336-5_283 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 44-44

Keyword(s):

Cap Rate

Download Full-text

Cap Rate

10.1007/springerreference_921 ◽

2011 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cap Rate

Download Full-text

Bidder's Choice Cap Rate Auctions: A New Strategy for Selling Real Estate Portfolios

Journal of Real Estate Practice and Education ◽

10.1080/10835547.2009.12091657 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 57-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Margot Weinstein ◽

Steven Good ◽

Jeffrey Fisher

Keyword(s):

Real Estate ◽

New Strategy ◽

Cap Rate

Download Full-text

The Cap Rate Spread: A New Metric for Commercial Underwriting

Real Estate Economics ◽

10.1111/1540-6229.12100 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 490-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Philip A. Seagraves ◽

Jonathan A. Wiley

Keyword(s):

Cap Rate

Download Full-text

Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and cyclic alternating pattern: is sleep microstructure a predictive parameter of neurodegeneration?

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsz142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andrea Melpignano ◽

Liborio Parrino ◽

Joan Santamaria ◽

Carles Gaig ◽

Irene Trippi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Rem Sleep ◽

Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽

Behavior Disorder ◽

Average Risk ◽

Rapid Eye Movement ◽

Sleep Behavior ◽

Cyclic Alternating Pattern ◽

Cap Rate ◽

Sleep Microstructure

Abstract Objective To evaluate the role of sleep cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in patients with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (IRBD) and ascertain whether CAP metrics might represent a marker of phenoconversion to a defined neurodegenerative condition. Methods Sixty-seven IRBD patients were included and classified into patients who phenoconverted to a neurodegenerative disease (RBD converters: converter REM sleep behavior disorder [cRBD]; n = 34) and remained disease-free (RBD non-converters: non-converter REM sleep behavior disorder [ncRBD]; n = 33) having a similar follow-up duration. Fourteen age- and gender-balanced healthy controls were included for comparisons. Results Compared to controls, CAP rate and CAP index were significantly decreased in IRBD mainly due to a decrease of A1 phase subtypes (A1 index) despite an increase in duration of both CAP A and B phases. The cRBD group had significantly lower values of CAP rate and CAP index when compared with the ncRBD group and controls. A1 index was significantly reduced in both ncRBD and cRBD groups compared to controls. When compared to the ncRBD group, A3 index was significantly decreased in the cRBD group. The Kaplan-Meier curve applied to cRBD estimated that a value of CAP rate below 32.9% was related to an average risk of conversion of 9.2 years after baseline polysomnography. Conclusion IRBD is not exclusively a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia, as non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep microstructure can also be affected by CAP changes. Further studies are necessary to confirm that a reduction of specific CAP metrics is a marker of neurodegeneration in IRBD.

Download Full-text

Characterization of cyclic alternating pattern during sleep in older men and women using large population studies

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simon Hartmann ◽

Oliviero Bruni ◽

Raffaele Ferri ◽

Susan Redline ◽

Mathias Baumert

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Sleep Disturbance ◽

Osteoporotic Fractures ◽

Nrem Sleep ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Sleep Study ◽

Men And Women ◽

Cyclic Alternating Pattern ◽

New Findings ◽

Cap Rate

Abstract Study Objectives To assess the microstructural architecture of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep known as cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in relation to the age, gender, self-reported sleep quality, and the degree of sleep disruption in large community-based cohort studies of older people. Methods We applied a high-performance automated CAP detection system to characterize CAP in 2,811 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study (MrOS) and 426 women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). CAP was assessed with respect to age and gender and correlated to obstructive apnea–hypopnea index, arousal index (AI-NREM), and periodic limb movements in sleep index. Further, we evaluated CAP across levels of self-reported sleep quality measures using analysis of covariance. Results Age was significantly associated with the number of CAP sequences during NREM sleep (MrOS: p = 0.013, SOF = 0.051). CAP correlated significantly with AI-NREM (MrOS: ρ = 0.30, SOF: ρ = 0.29). CAP rate, especially the A2+A3 index, was inversely related to self-reported quality of sleep, independent of age and sleep disturbance measures. Women experienced significantly fewer A1-phases compared to men, in particular, in slow-wave sleep (N3). Conclusions We demonstrate that automated CAP analysis of large-scale databases can lead to new findings on CAP and its subcomponents. We show that sleep disturbance indices are associated with the CAP rate. Further, the CAP rate is significantly linked to subjectively reported sleep quality, independent from traditionally scored markers of sleep fragmentation. Finally, men and women show differences in the microarchitecture of sleep as identified by CAP, despite similar macro-architecture.

Download Full-text