ALKAPTONURIC PATIENT PRESENTING WITH BLACK DISC AND MULTIPLE SCHMORL’S NODES.

Abstract Background and importance: Butterfly vertebra is an uncommon congenital spinal anomaly, which can be easily mistaken for vertebral fracture, infection or tumor. Clinical presentation: We report the case of a 20-year-old male patient with a 3-year history of intermittent mid-thoracic spinal pain. Local examination showed a mild thoracic kyphoscoliosis. Neurological examination was normal. Computer tomography revealed the presence of a T6 butterfly vertebra associated with morphological anomalies in adjacent vertebral bodies and T6-T9 Schmorl’s nodes. MRI scan confirmed the diagnosis and additionally showed a mild spinal stenosis caused by apparent posterior epidural fat hypertrophy. The patient was treated with painkillers and physical therapy. Conclusion: Butterfly vertebra is a benign condition. Once diagnosed, additional diagnostic procedures are not necessary. Neurosurgeons must be aware of this congenital anomaly that should not be confused with a vertebral fracture.

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TACHYON DYNAMICS OF THE BLACK DISC LIMIT IN THE HARD SMALL x PROCESSES IN QCD

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s021773230601975x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (07) ◽

pp. 549-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. BLOK ◽

L. FRANKFURT

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Impact Parameter ◽

High Energy ◽

Black Disk ◽

Black Disc ◽

Energy Behavior ◽

Small X ◽

The Cross ◽

The Impact ◽

Black Disc Limit

We investigate the effective field theory (EFT) which gives the approximate description of the scattering of two hard small dipoles in the small x processes in QCD near the black disc limit (BDL). We argue that the perturbative QCD approaches predict the existence of tachyon and visualize it in the approximation where α′P=0. We demonstrate that the high energy behavior of the cross-section depends strongly on the diffusion law in the impact parameter plane. On the other hand, almost threshold behavior of the cross section of the hard processes and multiplicities, i.e. fast increase of cross sections (color inflation), melting of ladders into color network and softening of the longitudinal distributions of hadrons are qualitatively insensitive to the value of diffusion in the impact parameter space. We evaluate α′P near the black disk limit and find significant α′P as the consequence of the probability conservation.

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Tunneling Schmorl's nodes

Skeletal Radiology ◽

10.1007/s002560050371 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 225-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

E. D. Leibner ◽

Yizhar Floman

Keyword(s):

Schmorl’S Nodes

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Schmorl’s nodes: demystification road of endplate defects—a critical review

Spine Deformity ◽

10.1007/s43390-021-00445-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hamida Azzouzi ◽

Linda Ichchou

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Schmorl’S Nodes

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Spondylolysis and spinal adaptations for bipedalism

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoaa003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (1) ◽

pp. 35-44

Author(s):

Kimberly A Plomp ◽

Keith Dobney ◽

Mark Collard

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Fracture ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Lumbar Vertebrae ◽

Great Ape ◽

Shape Variation ◽

3D Data ◽

Schmorl’S Nodes ◽

Vertebral Shape ◽

Range Of Variation

Abstract Background and objectives The study reported here focused on the aetiology of spondylolysis, a vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. The goal was to test the Overshoot Hypothesis, which proposes that people develop spondylolysis because their vertebral shape is at the highly derived end of the range of variation within Homo sapiens. Methodology We recorded 3D data on the final lumbar vertebrae of H. sapiens and three great ape species, and performed three analyses. First, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis. Second, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae. Lastly, we compared H. sapiens vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to great ape vertebrae and to vertebrae of H. sapiens with Schmorl’s nodes, which previous studies have shown tend to be located at the ancestral end of the range of H. sapiens shape variation. Results We found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are significantly different in shape from healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. We also found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are more distant from great ape vertebrae than are healthy H. sapiens vertebrae. Lastly, we found that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis are at the opposite end of the range of shape variation than vertebrae with Schmorl’s nodes. Conclusions Our findings indicate that H. sapiens vertebrae with spondylolysis tend to exhibit highly derived traits and therefore support the Overshoot Hypothesis. Spondylolysis, it appears, is linked to our lineage’s evolutionary history, especially its shift from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. Lay summary: Spondylolysis is a relatively common vertebral pathology usually caused by a fatigue fracture. There is reason to think that it might be connected with our lineage’s evolutionary shift from walking on all fours to walking on two legs. We tested this idea by comparing human vertebrae with and without spondylolysis to the vertebrae of great apes. Our results support the hypothesis. They suggest that people who experience spondylolysis have vertebrae with what are effectively exaggerated adaptations for bipedalism.

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