Impacts of domestic water supply on gender and income: results from a participatory study in a drought-prone region in Gujarat, India

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Sijbesma ◽  
Joep Verhagen ◽  
Reema Nanavaty ◽  
A. J. James
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

In this paper the value of an improved domestic water supply was investigated for economic development and gender relations in rural households in a drought-prone area. A comparative study executed with participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods with groups of women from 11 micro-enterprises in ten villages and five control villages showed that,when an improved domestic water supply does not function, the entrepreneurs groups have a statistically higher loss of the economic use of water and time than the control groups. The extra income that women gain when the supply works and is used economically helps poor families to bridge the dry season. It could further be quantitatively proven that male–female gender relations were significantly better in the entrepreneurs group. This was not so for mother–daughter relationships, which gave new insights into the need to address gender equality issues with the women themselves and with SEWA, the supporting agency. These findings support the view that rural poverty and the status of women would receive a significant boost if policy makers focused on providing employment opportunities for women along with improved water supplies.

Sensitivity Analysis of Photovoltaic Pumping Systems for Domestic Water Supply

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 6734-6743
Author(s):  
Simon Meunier ◽  
Loic Queval ◽  
Arouna Darga ◽  
Philippe Dessante ◽  
Claude Marchand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

scholarly journals Urban metabolism and river systems: an historical perspective – Paris and the Seine, 1790–1970

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1757-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barles
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Industrial Ecology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to analyse metabolic interaction between Paris and the Seine during the industrial era, 1790–1970, a period marked by strong population growth, technological changes, and the absence of specific legislation on environmental issues. The viewpoint focuses on exchanges of waters and wastes between city and river, quantifying them and tracing their evolution in the light of the strategies implemented by the stakeholders in charge. The study combines industrial ecology, local history and the history of technology. From 1790 to 1850, waste matters, and especially excreta, were considered as raw materials, not refuse: they generated real profits. The removal of human excreta aimed not only at improving urban hygiene, but at producing the fertilizers needed in rural areas. Discharging them into the river was out of the question. But after the 1860s, several factors upset this exploitation, notably domestic water supply: night soil became more and more liquid, difficult to handle and to turn into fertilizer; once utilised, the water had to be removed from the house; at the same time, the sewerage system developed and had negative impacts on the river. Even so, Parisian engineers continued to process sewage using techniques that would not only ensure hygiene but also conciliate economic and agricultural interests: combined sewerage system and sewage farms. Both of these early periods are thus noteworthy for a relative limitation of the river's deterioration by urban wastes. Not until the 1920s, when domestic water supply had become the standard and excreta came to be considered as worthless waste, was the principle of valorisation abandoned. This led to important and long-lasting pollution of the Seine (despite the construction of a treatment plant), aggravating the industrial pollution that had been in evidence since the 1840s. Analysing the priorities that led to the adoption of one principle or another in matters of urban hygiene and techniques, with the causes and consequences of such changes, enables us to understand the complex relations between Paris and the Seine. From raw material to waste matter, from river to drain, the concept of quality in environment remains the underlying theme.

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