General Abstract

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Pike
Keyword(s):  
General Abstract

OP75 Facts And Values In Health Technology Assessment: The Case Of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 19-19
Author(s):  
Bart Bloemen ◽  
Maarten Jansen ◽  
Wouter Rijke ◽  
Wija Oortwijn ◽  
Gert Vanderwilt
Keyword(s):  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Prenatal Testing ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Healthcare Technologies ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

IntroductionHealth Technology Assessment (HTA) is where facts and values meet: the evidence that is considered relevant to the assessment of a technology depends on the value framework used. In the context of the European project VALIDATE (Values in doing assessments of healthcare technologies), we assessed to what extent this interplay between facts and values is acknowledged in HTA reports on non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Our aim is to gain a better understanding of this fact-value relationship, and to contribute to the development of capacity for ethical analyses in HTA.MethodsFive reviewers independently analyzed HTA reports on NIPT, obtained from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) HTA database, by answering a structured questionnaire on: (i) arguments, values, and conclusions; (ii) relations between values and collected evidence; (iii) operationalizations of the values involved. Ethical argumentation was analyzed using the method of specifying norms. This method holds that for general, abstract ethical principles to reach concrete cases, principles need to be specified in such a way as to achieve maximal coherence between different value commitments and practice. The results of the analysis were discussed in joint meetings to arrive at a consensus on interpretation.ResultsOur results show that the pivotal role of values in defining what counts as relevant evidence and why, is rarely acknowledged. The same holds for the importance of specifying values as a means to achieve greater coherence between the use of healthcare technologies and a range of values.ConclusionsThere is ample room for improvement in clarifying the role of values in HTA: they can serve to explain and justify what evidence is considered relevant to the assessment of a healthcare technology. Recognizing that abstract values need specification in order to reach concrete cases opens up new opportunities for exploring in what way values are affected by healthcare technologies.

Claiming Martin Luther King, Jr. for the right: The Martin Luther King Day holiday in the Reagan era

2021 ◽  
pp. 175069802199593
Author(s):  
Francesca Polletta ◽  
Alex Maresca
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reagan Era ◽  
Martin Luther King ◽  
Roll Back

The article traces how American conservatives laid claim to the memory of Martin Luther King, Jr. We focus on a key moment in that process, when Republicans in the early 1980s battled other Republicans to establish King’s birthday as a federal holiday and thereby distinguish a conservative position on racial inequality from that associated with southern opposition to civil rights. The victory was consequential, aiding the New Right’s efforts to roll back gains on affirmative action and other race-conscious policies. We use the case to explore the conditions in which political actors are able to lay claim to venerated historical figures who actually had very different beliefs and commitments. The prior popularization of the figure makes it politically advantageous to identify with his or her legacy but also makes it possible to do so credibly. As they are popularized, the figure’s beliefs are made general, abstract, and often vague in a way that lends them to appropriation by those on the other side of partisan lines. Such appropriation is further aided by access to a communicative infrastructure of foundations, think tanks, and media outlets that allows political actors to secure an audience for their reinterpretation of the past.

scholarly journals Trigger poverty and reduplicative identity in Lakota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Paschen
Keyword(s):  
Local Application ◽  
General Abstract

AbstractThis paper offers a phonological account of various ways in which reduplication interacts with independent processes in Lakota: transparent application in the case of cluster simplification, overapplication in the case of palatalization, and underapplication in the case of vowel mutation. I argue that all three patterns follow from phonological optimization rather than morpheme-specific constraints on the reduplicant or on other morphemes, and that the co-existence of divergent patterns is compatible with such a phonological analysis. Local application is the default pattern, while overapplication receives a cyclic explanation. For underapplication, which is the most recalcitrant pattern in Lakota, I offer an account in terms of Trigger Poverty, a concept which denotes an imbalance between the number of triggers and the number of potential targets created by copying. Trigger Poverty is likely to be a more general abstract source of underapplication beyond Lakota. This paper thus contributes to the discussion of modularity in phonology by presenting evidence that identity effects in reduplication can be epiphenomenal.

Between Ordinary and Extraordinary

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-70
Author(s):  
Angela Condello
Keyword(s):  
Singular Case ◽  
Concrete Case ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Present Book ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhat is the relationship between the general, abstract norm and the singular, concrete case that sometimes affirms a parallel, contrasting, norm? The present book engages with this question. The argument stems from an analysis of extraordinary singular cases that sometimes emerge, sometimes are “produced” or “promoted” as exemplary (for strategic reasons, like in law). I argue that approaching normativity in art and law from the perspective of the singular case also illustrates the theoretical importance of interdisciplinary legal scholarship, since the singularity creates room for extra-legal values to emerge as legitimate demands, desires, needs.

The Standard-Setting Power

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-130
Author(s):  
Oliver Lepsius
Keyword(s):  
Standard Setting ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Legal Standard ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
Over Time

This chapter chronicles the proliferation of doctrinal standards over time and underscores the bizarre lengths to which that proliferation has recently extended. It shows how the Federal Constitutional Court makes use of a distinctive technique for reaching and justifying decisions, which it elaborated over many years, and which today it habitually applies. The Court regularly divides the reasoning of a decision into two blocks. The first block identifies general statements on the interpretation of the constitution. In such general terms, the Court establishes the legal standard, which will lie at the foundation of the case. The application of the standard to the determinative set of facts follows. The facts of the specific case first enter the reasoning in the second part, the “subsumption section.” The standard already formed in general-abstract terms is now applied to the specific issue the Court has to decide. Finally, the chapter warns that the era of bold new standards is probably gone for good.

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