Fine structure of the external egg membrane of five species of Pacific salmon (sockeye, Oncorhynchus nerka; pink, O. gorbuscha; chum, O. keta; coho, O. kisutch; and chinook, O. tshawytscha) and the anadromous steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), is examined and compared using the scanning electron microscope. Membrane thickness in fixed material varies for the six species as follows (micrometres, [Formula: see text]): sockeye, 34.15 ± 0.15; pink, 61.64 ± 1.53; chum, 53.05 ± 0.33; coho, 27.96 ± 0.48; chinook, 50.82 ± 0.74; steelhead, 30.74 ± 0.11. The membrane consists of a thin outermost layer, the externus, 0.2–0.3 μm thick, and the internus, 24–55 μm thick, which constitutes the remainder of the membrane. In sockeye, pink, and chum salmon and steelhead trout, an additional layer 3–8 μm thick, the "subinternus," occurs beneath the internus. The entire membrane appears fibrous except for the thin and apparently solid externus. Pores in both the inner and outer surfaces are arranged in a hexagonal pattern and are connected by pore canals traversing the membrane. Except in the sockeye, plugs commonly were seen blocking the external openings of the pore canals. Significance of the egg membrane fine structure is considered in relation to several of its roles in the water-activated egg: semipermeability, retention of internal pressure, and mechanical protection. A structural and functional analogy is drawn between the fine structure of the salmonid egg membrane and the mammalian aorta.
EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RESISTANCE OF COLUMBIA RIVER STEELHEAD TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) TO THERMAL STRESS.