Nitrite and Nitrate Levels in Groundwater, Water Distribution Network, Bottled Water and Juices in Iran : A systematic Review

Background: Nitrate and nitrite can get into the body through the consumption of contaminated water either directly or indirectly. The accumulation of these compounds in the body, in the long run, leads to health problems, for example, digestive disorders, cancers, and even death threats in children. The aim of this review is to investigate nitrate and nitrite pollution levels in drinking water and fruit juices in Iran. Methods: In this review data were collected through searching the Scientific Information Database, Science-Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Magiran databases using the keywords Nitrate, Nitrite, Drinking water, Drinking Water Resources, Juice and Iran. Finally, the location of the studies was geocoded through the Google My Maps (https://www.google.com/mymaps) software. Results: Studies clearly indicated that the juices are safe in terms of nitrate. Nitrate and nitrite values were less than the national and international standards in all samples of bottled drinking water except for a few of the studies. The results of the reviewed studies also indicated that the nitrate content was higher than that written on the label in 96% of the samples, and nitrite was not labeled in 80% of them. The nitrate quantity was higher than the permissible limit, in the water distribution network of Bushehr, Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. Talesh, Ardabil, Hashtgerd, Divandareh, and Kerman cities had high nitrate levels in more than 50% of wells. Conclusion: Using nitrogen fertilizers and lack of a wastewater treatment system were the main reasons for the presence of nitrate and nitrite.

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Evaluation of nitrate concentration in groundwater and drinking water distribution network of Robat-Karim City, Tehran Province, Iran

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2012.029 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

S. Panahi ◽

M. R. Alavi Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Nitrate Concentration ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

International Standards ◽

Nitrate Concentrations ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Tehran Province

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of nitrate concentration in groundwater resources (wells) and drinking water distribution network of Robat-Karim city of Tehran Province, Iran. The study was accomplished during 8 months (March–Oct 2009). For this purpose, 40 samples from groundwater resources (wells) and 32 samples from water distribution network were collected and analyzed. In this study, a spectrophotometer was used for nitrate analysis of all samples. Based on the results of this study, the maximum, minimum and mean amounts of nitrate concentrations in wells and distribution network samples were 5.9, 0.2, 2.1 and 4, 1.4, 2.05 mg NO3−-N/L, respectively. The amounts of nitrate concentrations in all samples were much lower than its permissible levels in national and international standards.

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ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR UNTUK KONSENTRASI FLUORIDE PADA SISTEM JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI AIR MINUM DENGAN FLUORIDASI

ENSAINS JOURNAL ◽

10.31848/ensains.v2i1.149 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arif Susanto ◽

Purwanto Purwanto ◽

Agus Hadiyarto

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Dental Health ◽

Distribution Network ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Water Distribution Network ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Water Age ◽

Drinking Water Distribution

Abstract:. The requirement of consumed drinking water so that it does not create disturbance to public health is that it needs a quality monitoring. Water fluoridation in Tembagapura City aims to reach its concentration level toward certain safe level, and it can provide maximum benefits for dental health. Analysis and simulation methods using EPAnet software. The results of hydrolic simulation and water quality for fluoride concentration of each node and link in the drinking water distribution network system have changed in every time change following the drinking water distribution segment. From hydraulic simulations, especially for head and flow at separate points, it consists of simultaneous solution in flow equivalence for every junction and headloss relationship in every link of network as a result of hydraulic balancing. New segment will be made at the end of each link that receives inflow from a node if the quality of the new node is different from the link in the last segment. Every pipe in network contains singular segment where the water quality is in line with the preliminary quality stated in the preliminary node. With the availability of hydraulic model and water quality for fluoride concentration, a further research can be conducted for chlorine decay, growth of by product i.e. Trihalomethans (THMs) as well as water age simultaneously in drinking water supply systems in Tembagapura City. Keyword: EPAnet, distribution network, fluoride concentration. Abstrak: Persyaratan kualitas air minum yang dikonsumsi masyarakat agar tidak menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan, maka penyelenggara air minum perlu melakukan pemantauan kualitasnya. Fluoridasi air di Kota Tembagapura ditujukan untuk mencapai tingkat konsentrasi fluoride pada level tertentu yang aman dan dapat memberikan manfaat maksimal bagi kesehatan gigi. Metode analisis dan simulasi menggunakan perangkat lunak EPAnet. Hasil simulasi hidrolis dan kualitas air untuk konsentrasi fluoride pada setiap node dan link pada sistem jaringan distribusi air minum berubah pada setiap perubahan waktu mengikuti segmen distribusi air minum tersebut. Dari simulasi hidrolis, khusus untuk head dan aliran pada titik yang terpisah meliputi penyelesaian secara simultan dalam persamaan aliran untuk tiap sambungan (junction), dan hubungan headloss pada setiap link pada jaringan sebagai akibat dari hydrolic balancing. Segmen baru terbentuk pada akhir dari setiap link yang menerima inflow dari sebuah node, jika kualitas node baru berbeda dari link pada segmen terakhir. Setiap pipa dalam jaringan mengandung segmen tunggal, di mana kualitas air sebanding dengan kualitas awal yang ditetapkan di node awal. Dengan tersedianya model hidrolis dan kualitas air untuk konsentrasi fluoride, maka dapat dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk peluruhan klorin, pertumbuhan by product yaitu trihalomethans (THMs) serta usia air secara simultan pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Kota Tembagapura.Kata Kunci: EPAnet, jaringan distribusi, konsentrasi fluoride.

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