scholarly journals The Effects of General Anesthetics on Synaptic Transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 936-965
Author(s):  
Xuechao Hao ◽  
Mengchan Ou ◽  
Donghang Zhang ◽  
Wenling Zhao ◽  
Yaoxin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
The Central Nervous System

General anesthetics are a class of drugs that target the central nervous system and are widely used for various medical procedures. General anesthetics produce many behavioral changes required for clinical intervention, including amnesia, hypnosis, analgesia, and immobility; while they may also induce side effects like respiration and cardiovascular depressions. Understanding the mechanism of general anesthesia is essential for the development of selective general anesthetics which can preserve wanted pharmacological actions and exclude the side effects and underlying neural toxicities. However, the exact mechanism of how general anesthetics work is still elusive. Various molecular targets have been identified as specific targets for general anesthetics. Among these molecular targets, ion channels are the most principal category, including ligand-gated ionotropic receptors like γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate and acetylcholine receptors, voltage-gated ion channels like voltage-gated sodium channel, calcium channel and potassium channels, and some second massager coupled channels. For neural functions of the central nervous system, synaptic transmission is the main procedure for which information is transmitted between neurons through brain regions, and intact synaptic function is fundamentally important for almost all the nervous functions, including consciousness, memory, and cognition. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of general anesthetics on synaptic transmission via modulations of specific ion channels and relevant molecular targets, which can lead to the development of safer general anesthetics with selective actions. The present review will summarize the effects of various general anesthetics on synaptic transmissions and plasticity.

Bleeding after salvarsan

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1183-1183
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Adverse Side Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Capillary Walls

The adverse side effects of salvarsan injections include bleeding from the nose, gums, kidney, lung, etc. The reason for this is the permeability of the capillary walls to red blood cells due to irritation of the central nervous system in persons who are too sensitive to salvarsan. They are caused by the permeability of the capillary walls to red blood cells, caused by irritation of the central nervous system in persons over-sensitive to salvarsan.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
John F. Peppin ◽  
Joseph V. Pergolizzi ◽  
Robert B. Raffa ◽  
Steven L. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Data

The authors summarize the harmful and understudied aspects of the overuse of benzodiazepines. Increased and longer-term use of benzodiazepines has been observed to lead to side effects such as sedation, cognitive issues, abuse, and dependence, as well as many other unanticipated side effects that do not fit their known mechanism of action in the central nervous system. Data also shows a correlation between concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids and increased risk of death from overdose. The authors advocate for stricter guidelines for prescribing benzodiazepines, as well as close clinical monitor and shorter-term treatment plans.

Polichemotherapy of Advanced Head and Neck Malignancies

1976 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Fazio ◽  
Pietro Cavallero ◽  
Ezio Minetto ◽  
Pier Giorgio Rattalino ◽  
Silvio Sartoris
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Advanced Head ◽  
Head And Neck Malignancies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Total Remission

The favorable results obtained by other authors with polichemotherapy encouraged us to employ therapeutic scheme using a combination of 4 drugs. Treatment envolved the administration of 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide, 350 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil, 10 mg/m2 methotrexate i.v. on alternate days 6–8 times, and 15 mg bleomycin on alternate days until a total dose of 150–200 mg is reached. Thirty-five out of 37 patients treated with this protocol (30 previously treated and 5 not) qualified for analysis; the site of the neoplasm, mostly squamous cell carcinoma, was different; for the most part it was in the larynx (18/35) and the oral cavity (10/35). Complete remission was achieved in 9/35 patients (25.7%), varying from 5 to 33 months (median 22); partial remission was achieved in 15/35 cases (42.8%), varying from 1 to 14 months (median 3); and there was no success in 11/35 cases (31.5%). Overall, a total remission > 50 % was observed in 24/35 patients (68.5 %). The most serious side effects both ascribed to BLM were observed in the central nervous system (increasing drowsiness and coma) and the lung. This study has shown that in the ultra head and neck malignancies medical treatment can achieve satisfactory results.

scholarly journals Minocycline-induced transient depersonalization: A case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1882382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassein Shamout ◽  
Alissa Sigal ◽  
Ivan V Litvinov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Pseudotumor Cerebri ◽  
Metabolic Encephalopathy ◽  
Serotonin System ◽  
Perioral Dermatitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Minocycline is a medication commonly used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The central nervous system-induced side effects of minocycline include headaches, pseudotumor cerebri, ataxia, and vestibular dysfunction. Many minocycline-related side effects have been presented in the literature, however, reports of depersonalization symptoms induced by the medication are rare. We present the case of a 37-year-old female diagnosed with perioral dermatitis treated with minocycline, who within 1 week suffered from severe depersonalization symptoms. The pathophysiologic mechanism of depersonalization induced by minocycline is unclear but various hypotheses include hypersensitivity of the serotonin system, drug-related metabolic encephalopathy, substance-induced temporal disintegration, and panic-disorder-related etiology. Depersonalization is a potentially severe and important side effect of minocycline that should be documented, further investigated, and recognized by clinicians.

scholarly journals Effect of Barbiturates on Synaptic Currents

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Torda ◽  
P. W. Gage
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Synaptic Currents ◽  
End Plate ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Synapses

Thiopentone and pentobarbitone reduce the time constant of decay of miniature end-plate currents when applied in anaesthetic concentrations to the neuromuscular junction. Such an effect at central synapses would lead to failure of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and may reflect a common mode of action of many anaesthetic drugs.

Effect of Nicotine on the Synapse of the Central Nervous System

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadayuki F. Takagi ◽  
Yutaka Oomura
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Reflex Activity ◽  
Synaptic Delay ◽  
Synaptic Potential ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Concentrations

The effect of nicotine on synaptic transmission in the frog and cat spinal cord was studied. Both a regular wick electrode and a microelectrode of the Ling-Gerard type were used. The reflex activity of the bullfrog spinal cord is facilitated by 0.01% nicotine solution, but is depressed and abolished by 0.1% solution. In the cat, intravenous administration of 150 mg/kg fails to block reflex activity, but topical application does block. The intracellular potential, of both frog and cat motoneurones, shows no change in the synaptic potential after application of the drug, but the spike appears after a shorter synaptic delay and one or more additional spikes appear. When the synaptic delay becomes sufficiently short, however, all spikes suddenly disappear, leaving the still unchanged synaptic potential. Occasionally the synaptic delay is again increased just before the spike potentials disappear. The excitability of a frog motoneurone was measured, by a recording microelectrode, before and after nicotine application. The drug first increased and then decreases excitability. Epinephrine can restore a reflex discharge depressed or abolished by nicotine. It is concluded that high concentrations of nicotine block synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, acting on the cell body but not on the synaptic potential.

Afferent and Efferent Synaptic Transmissions in Hair Cells

Physiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
H Ohmori
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Nerve Terminal ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Membrane Hyperpolarization ◽  
K Channels ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mechanical Information

Hair cells transduce mechanical information into electrical signal and, via afferent synapse, transmit it to the central nervous system (CNS). Hair cells receive cholinergic efferent innervation from the CNS, and a long-lasting membrane hyperpolarization is produced by activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Acetylcholine may facilitate afferent synaptic transmission by suppressing K+ channels on the afferent nerve terminal.

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