Anti-toxicant Properties of Saffron and Relevance to Protection from Toxins and Drugs

Background: Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which are collectively called reactive oxygen nitrogen species, are inevitable by-products of cellular metabolic redox reactions, such as oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, phagocytosis, reactions of biotransformation of exogenous and endogenous substrata in endoplasmic reticulum, eicosanoid synthesis, and redox reactions in the presence of metal with variable valence. Among medicinal plants there is a growing interest in Crocus sativus L. It is a perennial, stemless herb, belonging to Iridaceae family, cultivated in various countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain, Israel, Morocco, Turkey, Iran, India, China, Egypt and Mexico. Objective: The present study aims to address the anti-toxicant role of Crocus sativus L. in the cases of toxin and drug toxification. Materials and Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted by the two authors from 1993 to August 2017. Original articles and systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis), as well as case reports were selected. Titles and abstracts of papers were screened by a third reviewer to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved. Results: The authors focused on literature concerning the role of Crocus Sativus L. as an anti-toxicant agent. Literature review showed that Saffron is a potent anti-toxicant agent with a plethora of applications ranging from anti-oxidant properties, to chemotherapy protective effects. Conclusion: Literature findings represented in current review herald promising results for using Crocus Sativus L. and/or its active constituents as anti-toxicant, chemotherapy-induced protection and toxin protection.

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Antioxidant Properties of Crocus Sativus L. and Its Constituents and Relevance to Neurodegenerative Diseases; Focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease

Current Neuropharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570159x16666180321095705 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 377-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kyriaki Hatziagapiou ◽

Eleni Kakouri ◽

George I. Lambrou ◽

Kostas Bethanis ◽

Petros A. Tarantilis

Keyword(s):

Redox Reactions ◽

Case Reports ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Crocus Sativus ◽

Nitrogen Species ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Crocus Sativus L

Background:Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, which are collectively called reactive oxygen-nitrogen species, are the inevitable by-products of cellular metabolic redox reactions, such as oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, phagocytosis, reactions of biotransformation of exogenous and endogenous substrata in endoplasmic reticulum, eicosanoid synthesis, and redox reactions in the presence of metal with variable valence. Among medicinal plants, there is growing interest in Crocus Sativus L. It is a perennial, stemless herb, belonging to Iridaceae family, cultivated in various countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain, Israel, Morocco, Turkey, Iran, India, China, Egypt and Mexico.Objective:The present study aims to address the protective role of Crocus Sativus L. in neurodegeneration with an emphasis in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.Materials and Methods:An electronic literature search was conducted by two of the authors from 1993 to August 2017. Original articles and systematic reviews (with or without meta-analysis), as well as case reports were selected. Titles and abstracts of papers were screened by a third reviewer to determine whether they met the eligibility criteria, and full texts of the selected articles were retrieved.Results:Hence, the authors focused on the literature concerning the role of Crocus Sativus L. on its anti-oxidant and neuroprotective properties.Conclusion:Literature findings represented in current review herald promising results for using Crocus Sativus L. and/or its active constituents as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective agents.

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The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in cellular iron metabolism

Free Radical Research ◽

10.1080/10715760500511484 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 263-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

PŘEMYSL MLADĚNKA ◽

TOMÁŠ ŠIMŮNEK ◽

MOJMÍR HÜBL ◽

RADOMÍR HRDINA

Keyword(s):

Iron Metabolism ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Nitrogen Species ◽

Cellular Iron

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Lipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aureus Induces Lung Endothelial Cell Barrier Dysfunction: Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0049209 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e49209 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Amy Barton Pai ◽

Heena Patel ◽

Alexander J. Prokopienko ◽

Hiba Alsaffar ◽

Nancy Gertzberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Lipoteichoic Acid ◽

Nitrogen Species ◽

Barrier Dysfunction

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Carcinogenesis: Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

Encyclopedia of Cancer ◽

10.1016/b0-12-227555-1/00038-1 ◽

2002 ◽

pp. 359-367

Author(s):

Krystyna Frenkel

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Nitrogen Species

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Abstract 181: A Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase tPA Administration

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.181 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Mollie McDermott ◽

Lesli E Skolarus ◽

James F Burke

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Public Education ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Case Reports ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Fixed Effect Model ◽

Small Sample ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Design Elements

Introduction: Rates of tPA administration remain low nationally and globally despite its demonstrated efficacy. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to increase the rate of tPA administration. Methods: We searched PubMed and EMBASE to identify all studies (excluding case reports) published between 1995 and January 8, 2015 documenting interventions to increase the utilization of tPA. We screened each study with pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Design elements and study data were extracted from eligible studies. The principal summary measure was the percentage change in rate of tPA administration. Fixed and random effects meta-analytic models were built to summarize the effect of intervention compared to control as well as intervention subtypes. Results: Our search yielded 1457 results of which 25 met eligibility criteria. We identified 13 pre-post studies and 11 randomized or quasi-experimental studies. Included studies utilized EMS (n=14), telemedicine (n=6), and public education (n=5). Intervention settings included urban (n=13), rural (n=4), and combined (n=4). In a fixed effect model, tPA administration was significantly higher in the intervention arm across all studies that limited enrollment to ischemic stroke patients (n=14) with a risk ratio (RR) of 1.71. Interventions involving EMS were associated with an increased rate of tPA administration with a RR of 1.51, (95% CI: 1.43-1.59, p<0.0001); promoting public education RR = 2.62, (95% CI: 1.54-4.43, p<0.01); and utilizing telemedicine RR = 2.97, (95% CI: 2.61-3.39, p<0.0001). Conclusions: Interventions to increase tPA use appear to have considerable efficacy. Comparative inferences between intervention types are limited by small sample size and intervention heterogeneity.

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Peroxiredoxins play a major role in protecting Trypanosoma cruzi against macrophage- and endogenously-derived peroxynitrite

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20071138 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 410 (2) ◽

pp. 359-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Lucía Piacenza ◽

Gonzalo Peluffo ◽

María Noel Alvarez ◽

John M. Kelly ◽

Shane R. Wilkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Fluorescence Probe ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Cysteine Residue ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Nitrogen Species ◽

Intact Cells ◽

Tryparedoxin Peroxidase

There is increasing evidence that Trypanosoma cruzi antioxidant enzymes play a key immune evasion role by protecting the parasite against macrophage-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Using T. cruzi transformed to overexpress the peroxiredoxins TcCPX (T. cruzi cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase) and TcMPX (T. cruzi mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase), we found that both cell lines readily detoxify cytotoxic and diffusible reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated in vitro or released by activated macrophages. Parasites transformed to overexpress TcAPX (T. cruzi ascorbate-dependent haemoperoxidase) were also more resistant to H2O2 challenge, but unlike TcMPX and TcCPX overexpressing lines, the TcAPX overexpressing parasites were not resistant to peroxynitrite. Whereas isolated tryparedoxin peroxidases react rapidly (k=7.2×105 M−1·s−1) and reduce peroxynitrite to nitrite, our results demonstrate that both TcMPX and TcCPX peroxiredoxins also efficiently decompose exogenous- and endogenously-generated peroxynitrite in intact cells. The degree of protection provided by TcCPX against peroxynitrite challenge results in higher parasite proliferation rates, and is demonstrated by inhibition of intracellular redox-sensitive fluorescence probe oxidation, protein 3-nitrotyrosine and protein–DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) adduct formation. Additionally, peroxynitrite-mediated over-oxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine residue of peroxiredoxins was greatly decreased in TcCPX overexpressing cells. The protective effects generated by TcCPX and TcMPX after oxidant challenge were lost by mutation of the peroxidatic cysteine residue in both enzymes. We also observed that there is less peroxynitrite-dependent 3-nitrotyrosine formation in infective metacyclic trypomastigotes than in non-infective epimastigotes. Together with recent reports of up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes during metacyclogenesis, our results identify components of the antioxidant enzyme network of T. cruzi as virulence factors of emerging importance.

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