Alkyl phosphotriester (alkyl-PTE) lesions are frequently induced in DNA and are resistant to repair. Here, we synthesized and characterized methyl (Me)- and n-butyl (nBu)-PTEs in two diastereomeric configurations (Sp and Rp) at six different flanking dinucleotide sites, i.e. XT and TX (X = A, C, or G), and assessed how these lesions impact DNA replication in Escherichia coli cells. When single-stranded vectors contained an Sp-Me-PTE in the sequence contexts of 5′-AT-3′, 5′-CT-3′, or 5′-GT-3′, DNA replication was highly efficient and the replication products for all three sequence contexts contained 85–90% AT and 5–10% TG. Thus, the replication outcome was largely independent of the identity of the 5′ nucleotide adjacent to an Sp-Me-PTE. Furthermore, replication across these lesions was not dependent on the activities of DNA polymerases II, IV, or V; Ada, a protein involved in adaptive response and repair of Sp-Me-PTE in E. coli, however, was essential for the generation of the mutagenic products. Additionally, the Rp diastereomer of Me-PTEs at XT sites and both diastereomers of Me-PTEs at TX sites exhibited error-free replication bypass. Moreover, Sp-nBu-PTEs at XT sites did not strongly impede DNA replication, and other nBu-PTEs displayed moderate blockage effects, with none of them being mutagenic. Taken together, these findings provide in-depth understanding of how alkyl-PTE lesions are recognized by the DNA replication machinery in prokaryotic cells and reveal that Ada contributes to mutagenesis of Sp-Me-PTEs in E. coli.
Methylation Dependent Functional Switch Mechanism of the Escherichia coli Ada Protein.
