Novel experimental work on animals: Law and ethics’ perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Yousef Ghidan ◽  
Huda Yousef Ghidan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
Legal Affair

There are ethics for making experiments on animals that should be restricted by for respect and safety of animal's right of living. The basic of these procedures is forbidden because animals are creatures of God and his soul. These experiments are allowed within certain restrictions for the importance of saving human beings. There is a legal affair for those who don't show a commitment in dealing with these ethics while they are dealing with experiments on living creatures.

scholarly journals Islamic Environmental Ethics and the Challenge of Anthropocentrism

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-78
Author(s):  
Ali M. Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
Seminal Article ◽  
Radical Environmentalism ◽  
Divine Law

Lynn White’s seminal article on the historical roots of the ecological crisis, which inspired radical environmentalism, has cast suspicion upon religion as the source of modern anthropocentrism. To pave the way for a viable Islamic environmental ethics, charges of anthropocentrism need to be faced and rebutted. Therefore, the bulk of this paper will seek to establish the nonanthropocentric credentials of Islamic thought. Islam rejects all forms of anthropocentrism by insisting upon a transcendent God who is utterly unlike His creation. Humans share the attribute of being God’s creations with all other beings, which makes them internally related to every other being, indeed to every single entity in this universe. This solves the problem that radical environmentalism has failed to solve, namely, how to define our relation with nature and other beings without dissolving our specificity. Furthermore, Islamic ethics structures human relations strictly around the idea of limiting desires. The resulting ethico-legal synthesis, made workable by a pragmatic legal framework, can sustain a justifiable use of nature and its resources without exploiting them. The exploitation of nature is inherently linked to the exploitation of one’s self and of fellow human beings. Such exploitation, according to Qur’anic wisdom, is the direct result of ignoring the divine law and the ethics of dealing with self and “other.” Only by reverting to the divine law and ethics can exploitation be overcome. The paper ends by briefly considering possible objections and challenges vis-à-vis developing a philosophically viable yet religiously oriented environmental ethics.

Dall’enciclica “laudato si” all’enciclica “fratelli tutti”. Una prospettiva sulla spiritualità e l’etica sociale

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Peter Schallenberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
Prodigal Son ◽  
Christian Social Ethics ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

From the Encyclical „Laudato si” to the Encyclical „Fratelli tutti”. A Perspective on Spirituality and Social Ethics. The essay begins by showing that it is essential for all Christian thinking - and thus also for a Christian social ethics - to refer to a deeper meaning passively received from God. Starting from this Logos, Christian social ethical thinking tries to convey how to build a civilisation or a society of integral and humane capitalism whose inner building principle is love. This reception of meaning and love in order to be enabled to love takes place practically in liturgiacal worship as the author argues with Romano Guardini; here the absolute love of God is first received and vouchsafed as an unclaimable and yet profoundly vital gift. Liturgy focuses, like a burning glass, the experience of a greater freedom of the human being to do good in the face of a greater love, in the face of absolute love, in the face of God. In this view, liturgy is liberated freedom for the good and for the better, for the beautiful. From there, all human activity not only has a technical-instrumental and efficiency-oriented side, but is deeply ordered towards the realisation of higher values, so that the author can say: Culture grows out of cult. From here, he shows how a culture of law and ethics unfolds from the mere nature of man to faith in a personal God. In this perspective, law and morality are formulations of the primordial sense placed by God in human natural reason - the logos - and serve to shape a world conducive to life and worthy of human beings. This highlights in particular the space of political action, which plays a prominent role especially in Pope Francis’ encyclicals „Laudato si” and „Fratelli tutti”. In these encyclicals, the author primarily criticises a „technocratic paradigm”, in which human action is only reduced to questions of technical possibilities and efficiency, but in which the deeper meaning of human action is obscured. Starting from the parable of the prodigal son and the parable of the Good Samaritan, which is particularly prominent in „Fratelli tutti”, the author then develops the extent to which one must first convert to the incarnate Logos Christ in order to be able to realise the Logos instilled in man and the world, also in political thought and action. This is where the author sees the proprium of Christian social ethics as ethics of institutions and as inclusive capitalism, as also developed in the encyclicals of Pope Francis: The orientation of state, society and economy towards the realisation of higher values, of the Logos placed in the world by God. Keywords: Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti, Romano Guardini, Liturgy and Ethics, Social Ethics, Personalism, Integral Humanism, Critique on technocracy

scholarly journals KLONING MANFAAT VERSUS MASALAH

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunny Wangko ◽  
Erwin Kristanto
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Abstract: In general, cloning is an asexual creation of a cell or organism which is genetically identical to its ancestor. Actually, cloning of unicellular and multicellular organisms has been going on in the natural world for thousands of years. Nowadays, in biotechnology, artificial cloning processed by using non-embryonic somatic cells is unbelievably well developed. In medical application, cloning is pointed to therapeutic, reproductive, and replacement usages. However, there are still many controversies, especially if this cloning is related to human beings, law, and ethics norms. Keywords: cloning, cell, organism.     Abstrak: Kloning adalah kreasi secara aseksual dari suatu sel atau organisme yang merupakan salinan genetik dari organisme pendahulu. Secara alamiah kloning telah ditemukan sejak beribu-ribu tahun yang lalu pada organisme unisel sampai ke yang multisel. Dewasa ini kemajuan bioteknologi dalam melakukan kloning artifisial dengan menggunakan sel non embriogenik telah berkembang pesat. Pemanfaatan kloning dalam aplikasi medik ditujukan untuk pengobatan, reproduksi, dan replacement. Walaupun demikian, dalam hal pemanfaatannya masih banyak ketidak sesuaian pendapat, terlebih lagi bila masalah kloning terkait langsung dengan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan, hukum, dan etik. Kata kunci: kloning, sel, organisme.

scholarly journals Indian Courts and Social Change: A Case Study of the Doctrine of Informed Consent in Medical Law and Ethics

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Chatur
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
Indian Supreme Court ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Missed Opportunity

The doctrine of informed consent in medical law andethics has a strong grounding in the principle of bodilyautonomy and self-determination of human beings. Thisemphasis on the freedom of every individual to decidewhat is best for his/her body and health has led to severalcontroversies in the area of medical law and ethics inIndia and abroad, especially in the United Kingdom.Being a legal and ethical doctrine, „informed consent‟ hasbeen discarded, accepted, modified and emulated byvarious judgments of courts. This paper will examine theingenuity of courts in bringing about social change byupholding patient autonomy and adopting the doctrine ofinformed consent in the UK. However, this doctrine hasbeen rejected by the Indian Supreme Court, citing thereason that Indian citizens are unprepared and illequippedto understand the complexities of medicaltreatment and procedures. This view, in the author‟sopinion, is a missed opportunity for the Indian SupremeCourt to bring about social change by upholding patientrights and autonomy.

The Initiation of the Epiphenomenal Challenge in the Work of Benjamin Libet

2020 ◽  
pp. 379-412
Author(s):  
Michael S. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Human Beings

The claim that our deeds are merely epiphenomenal with our choices (rather than being the causal effects of those choices) did not originate with neuroscience. But neuroscience’s claim to have shown experimentally that such epiphenomenalism is true is original with neuroscience. The leading experiments here were done by the late Benjamin Libet, and the chapter offers various interpretations of Libet’s experimental work. Under one interpretation, Libet is said to have demonstrated experimentally the falsity of the thesis that human beings have free will. Under another interpretation, Libet’s findings are construed to be, not that choice is uncaused (“free”), but that choice does no causing of the acts that are chosen. Under yet another interpretation of Libet’s findings, what he is taken to establish is that it is consciousness of choosing that is epiphenomenal with the acts chosen, not choice itself. Reasons are given to reject either the truth of these claims or the relevance of such claims to responsibility.

scholarly journals Islamic Environmental Ethics and the Challenge of Anthropocentrism

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-78
Author(s):  
Ali M. Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
Seminal Article ◽  
Radical Environmentalism ◽  
Divine Law

Lynn White’s seminal article on the historical roots of the ecological crisis, which inspired radical environmentalism, has cast suspicion upon religion as the source of modern anthropocentrism. To pave the way for a viable Islamic environmental ethics, charges of anthropocentrism need to be faced and rebutted. Therefore, the bulk of this paper will seek to establish the nonanthropocentric credentials of Islamic thought. Islam rejects all forms of anthropocentrism by insisting upon a transcendent God who is utterly unlike His creation. Humans share the attribute of being God’s creations with all other beings, which makes them internally related to every other being, indeed to every single entity in this universe. This solves the problem that radical environmentalism has failed to solve, namely, how to define our relation with nature and other beings without dissolving our specificity. Furthermore, Islamic ethics structures human relations strictly around the idea of limiting desires. The resulting ethico-legal synthesis, made workable by a pragmatic legal framework, can sustain a justifiable use of nature and its resources without exploiting them. The exploitation of nature is inherently linked to the exploitation of one’s self and of fellow human beings. Such exploitation, according to Qur’anic wisdom, is the direct result of ignoring the divine law and the ethics of dealing with self and “other.” Only by reverting to the divine law and ethics can exploitation be overcome. The paper ends by briefly considering possible objections and challenges vis-à-vis developing a philosophically viable yet religiously oriented environmental ethics.

Rate of Absorption of Water from Stomach and Small Bowel of Human Beings

1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Scholer ◽  
Charles F. Code
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Rate Of Absorption

A Study of the Action of Prostigmine on the Bowel of Human Beings

1949 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 970-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. McMahon ◽  
Charles F. Code ◽  
Willtam G. Saver ◽  
J. Arnold Bargen
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings

Constructing and Deconstructing Concepts

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Doan ◽  
Ronaldo Vigo
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Relational Patterns ◽  
Optimal Classification

Abstract. Several empirical investigations have explored whether observers prefer to sort sets of multidimensional stimuli into groups by employing one-dimensional or family-resemblance strategies. Although one-dimensional sorting strategies have been the prevalent finding for these unsupervised classification paradigms, several researchers have provided evidence that the choice of strategy may depend on the particular demands of the task. To account for this disparity, we propose that observers extract relational patterns from stimulus sets that facilitate the development of optimal classification strategies for relegating category membership. We conducted a novel constrained categorization experiment to empirically test this hypothesis by instructing participants to either add or remove objects from presented categorical stimuli. We employed generalized representational information theory (GRIT; Vigo, 2011b , 2013a , 2014 ) and its associated formal models to predict and explain how human beings chose to modify these categorical stimuli. Additionally, we compared model performance to predictions made by a leading prototypicality measure in the literature.

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