The health professional's duty to warn of preconception risks

Richard Griffith, Head of Health Law and Ethics in the School of Health and Social Care at Swansea University, looks at the law around negligence for disabilities in a child caused by a failure to warn of preconception risks

Moral Value and Commercial Gain

This paper presents three theoretical accounts developed to assess the moral value and legal status of acts designed to promote commercial gain in the thought of major classical Muslim scholars. There has been an increased interest in Islamic commercial law and ethics in recent years. Much of the recent scholarship consists of practically inclined studies that tend to lump the Islamic tradition of evaluation of commerce under the principles of social justice and avoidance of harm. Our study of three selected scholars will reveal distinct approaches that are characteristic of classical Islamic ethical discussions: anchoring moral value in this world, attributing moral goodness to salvation in the next world, and finding a balance between these two approaches. Counterintuitively, we will see that the naturalistic view that ascribes moral values to things and actions was the most restrictive, whereas the dualistic model that focuses on salvation in the next world was markedly more permissive of commercial transactions.

الكتاب في فقرة

الدين والقيم محورية التزكية الروحية في بناء المجتمع، محمد حلمي عبد الوهاب، القاهرة: نيوبوك للنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2020، 160 صفحة القيم الوطنية في المناهج التعليمية، مفتاح بن هدية، عمّان: دار الأيام للنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2020، 288 صفحة القيم الأخلاقية في المجتمع العربي بين النظرية والممارسة، مجموعة من الباحثين، تنسيق: نسيسة فاطمة الزهراء، عمّان: دار الأيام للنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2020، 3 مجلدات، 898 صفحة المسلمون والغرب والتأسيس القرآني للمشترك الإنساني، أحمد الفراك، فرجينيا: المعهد العالمي للفكر الإسلامي، ط1، 2021، 392 صفحة المشترك الإنساني والتواصل الحضاري والديني أية أرضية؟ وأي أفق؟، مجموعة مؤلفين، تنسيق أحمد الفراك وعبد الباسط المستعين، عمّان: دار ركاز للنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2021، 515 صفحة قيمنا الإسلامية والتسارع الحضاري كيف نتعامل مع معطيات الحضارة المعاصرة، يوسف الملّا، القاهرة: دار السلام للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع والترجمة، ط1، 2020، 336 صفحة إدارة الجودة الشاملة في التعليم، خالد الصرايرة ورضا المواضيه وخالد الزيديين، عمّان: دار وائل للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2019، 223 صفحة القيم الأخلاقية الواردة في كتب التربية الإسلامية "كتب المرحلة المتوسطة من التعليم الأساسي بلبنان"، شيرين خورشيد، بيروت: نشر خاص، 2019، 280 صفحة تطوير تقويم أداء كليات جامعة الملك سعود في ضوء مدخل القيمة المضافة، عبد اللطيف ابن عبد الله، القاهرة: المنظمة العربية للتنمية الإدارية، ط1، 2019، 223 صفحة حوكمة المؤسسات في ضوء الفكر المعاصر، سامح عامر وياسمين السنطيل، الأردن: دار الفكر للنشر والتوزيع، ط1، 2020، 408 صفحة أنثروبولوجيا الفقه الإسلامي: التعليم والأخلاق والاجتهاد الفقهي في الأزهر، آريا نكسا، بيروت: مركز نهوض للدراسات والبحوث، ط1، 2021م، 511 صفحة منظومة القيم المقاصدية وتجلياتها التربوية، فتحي حسن ملكاوي، عمّان: المعهد العالمي للفكر الإسلامي، ط1، 2020م، 287 صفحة The Value of Critical Knowledge, Ethics and Education: Philosophical History Bringing Epistemic and Critical Values to Values, by Ignace Haaz, geneva: net, June 2019, 234 pages. Islamic Law and Ethics, Edited by David R. Vishanoff , Herndon: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, June, 2020, 222 pages. Value and the Humanities: The Neoliberal University and Our Victorian Inheritance (Palgrave Studies in Literature, Culture and Economics, by Zoe Hope Bulaitis, Edinburgh: Palgrave Macmillan, June 2020, 326 How to Market a university: Building Value in a Competitive Environment, by Teresa Flannery, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, January 2021, 256 Higher Expectations: Can Colleges Teach Students What They Need to Know in the 21st Century? by Derek Bok, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, August 2020, 232 Cracks in the Ivory Tower: The Moral Mess of Higher Education, by Jason Brennan and Phillip Magness, UK: Oxford University Press, June 2021, 176 Teaching the Whole Student: Engaged Learning With Heart, Mind, and Spirit, Editing by David Schoem & Christine Modey, & Edward P. St. John, Stylus Publishing, May 2017, 292

Dall’enciclica “laudato si” all’enciclica “fratelli tutti”. Una prospettiva sulla spiritualità e l’etica sociale

From the Encyclical „Laudato si” to the Encyclical „Fratelli tutti”. A Perspective on Spirituality and Social Ethics. The essay begins by showing that it is essential for all Christian thinking - and thus also for a Christian social ethics - to refer to a deeper meaning passively received from God. Starting from this Logos, Christian social ethical thinking tries to convey how to build a civilisation or a society of integral and humane capitalism whose inner building principle is love. This reception of meaning and love in order to be enabled to love takes place practically in liturgiacal worship as the author argues with Romano Guardini; here the absolute love of God is first received and vouchsafed as an unclaimable and yet profoundly vital gift. Liturgy focuses, like a burning glass, the experience of a greater freedom of the human being to do good in the face of a greater love, in the face of absolute love, in the face of God. In this view, liturgy is liberated freedom for the good and for the better, for the beautiful. From there, all human activity not only has a technical-instrumental and efficiency-oriented side, but is deeply ordered towards the realisation of higher values, so that the author can say: Culture grows out of cult. From here, he shows how a culture of law and ethics unfolds from the mere nature of man to faith in a personal God. In this perspective, law and morality are formulations of the primordial sense placed by God in human natural reason - the logos - and serve to shape a world conducive to life and worthy of human beings. This highlights in particular the space of political action, which plays a prominent role especially in Pope Francis’ encyclicals „Laudato si” and „Fratelli tutti”. In these encyclicals, the author primarily criticises a „technocratic paradigm”, in which human action is only reduced to questions of technical possibilities and efficiency, but in which the deeper meaning of human action is obscured. Starting from the parable of the prodigal son and the parable of the Good Samaritan, which is particularly prominent in „Fratelli tutti”, the author then develops the extent to which one must first convert to the incarnate Logos Christ in order to be able to realise the Logos instilled in man and the world, also in political thought and action. This is where the author sees the proprium of Christian social ethics as ethics of institutions and as inclusive capitalism, as also developed in the encyclicals of Pope Francis: The orientation of state, society and economy towards the realisation of higher values, of the Logos placed in the world by God. Keywords: Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti, Romano Guardini, Liturgy and Ethics, Social Ethics, Personalism, Integral Humanism, Critique on technocracy

DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE: CONSUMPTIVE BEHAVIOR REDUCTION EFFORTS GLOBAL SOCIETY AGAINST HOAX INFORMATION

The development of information technology contributes to creating media diversity. This rapid development has triggered a shift in the availability of access from limited access to abundant media. The birth of cyber media is one sign of this diversity. However, not everything that develops has a positive impact, but many audiences complain about the reality that has entered the era of a world crowded with media. The existence of this phenomenon gives rise to freedom in the creation and dissemination of information which leads to the delivery of irresponsible messages. So that the phenomenon of the spread of fake news or hoaxes is increasing significantly in Indonesia and even in the world. Unfortunately, most netizens who take part in this new media era do not pay attention to cyber media law and ethics. In addition, they also lack knowledge about what, why and how media literacy is applied. From the emergence of this problem, it is important for netizens and audiences to know the importance of digital intelligence, as an effort to reduce the consumptive behavior of the global community in consuming information from hoax crimes.. Keywords: Cyber Media, Hoax, Digital Intelligence

The scientific study of consciousness cannot, and should not, be morally neutral

Normative decisions about moral status are strongly coupled with beliefs and assumptions about consciousness. Whether an individual is able to experience their environment, feel pain and pleasure or reflect on their own experiences, have all been judged at some point as relevant to the moral question of whether they should be protected by law. The scientific study of consciousness has advanced our understanding of some of these empirical questions by revealing the capacities and limits of these dimensions of consciousness in different states and animal species. In light of the tight link with moral status, scientific discoveries in this field have direct implications on law and ethics. Furthermore, this link with ethics may place implicit pressure on the scientific community studying consciousness to justify current societal norms, rather than challenge them. Finally, given the important role of consciousness in determining moral standing, the use of non-human animals in the scientific study of consciousness introduces a direct conflict between scientific relevance and ethics – the more scientifically valuable an animal model is for studying consciousness, the more difficult it becomes to ethically justify compromises to its well-being for consciousness research. Here we call for a discussion of the immediate ethical corollaries of the body of knowledge that has been accumulated, and for a more explicit consideration of the role of ideology and ethics in the scientific study of consciousness, including the question of animal models of consciousness.

Philosophy, Law, and Ethics of Handling COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

BACKGROUND: During the pandemic, COVID-19 spread very quickly between people. Thus, the patients’ rights to obtain treatment do not have to decrease the protection of the public. The perspectives of ethics, law, and justice prioritize the rights of the public as stated in the principle “Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto” (Public safety is the highest law as regulated in the law). METHODS: This research employs the statute approach with comprehensive, all-inclusive, and systematic manners to the ratio legis of the Health Law. It also uses the philosophy approach. RESULTS: In Indonesia, the regulatory handling of the COVID-19 pandemic is based on the Law on Infectious Disease Outbreak. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the quick spread of this disease causes many fatalities. Thus, individual rights of patients must be ruled out to prioritize public rights. CONCLUSION: The legal perspective upholds the “Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto” principle, namely, public safety is the highest law was the core of philosophy, law and ethics handling covid 19 pandemic.