Exploring the Role of Experiential Avoidance from the Perspective of Attachment Theory and the Dual Process Model

Avoidance can be adaptive and facilitate the healing process of acute grief or it can be maladaptive and hinder this same process. Maladaptive cognitive or behavioral avoidance comprises the central feature of the condition of complicated grief. This article explores the concept of experiential avoidance as it applies to bereavement, including when it is adaptive when it is problematic. Adaptive avoidance is framed using an attachment theory perspective and incorporates insights from the dual process model (DPM). An approach to clinical management of experiential avoidance in the syndrome of complicated grief is included.

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Connections Between Counseling Theories and Current Theories of Grief and Mourning

Journal of Mental Health Counseling ◽

10.17744/mehc.26.2.p9aukha7v8fqkc9g ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 125-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Heather L. Servaty-Seib

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Attachment Theory ◽

Present Article ◽

Process Model ◽

Dual Process ◽

Mental Health Counselors ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

Meaning Reconstruction ◽

Counseling Theories

The primary purpose of the present article is to provide an overview of three theories of mourning--The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement, Meaning Reconstruction and Loss, and Attachment Theory and Loss: Revisited. These are linked both by their emphasis on the phenomenological and by ideas such as balance and flexibility. Connections are drawn between the mourning theories and counseling theories that are commonly employed by mental health counselors.

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Attachment in Coping with Bereavement: A Theoretical Integration

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1037/1089-2680.9.1.48 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 48-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Margaret Stroebe ◽

Henk Schut ◽

Wolfgang Stroebe

Keyword(s):

Attachment Theory ◽

Attachment Style ◽

Attachment Styles ◽

Process Model ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Insecure Attachment ◽

Dual Process ◽

Continuing Bonds ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

Cognitive Stress

Researchers have deplored shortcomings in theoretically based models of coping with bereavement. Integration of cognitive stress with attachment theory is proposed to predict adjustment to bereavement, describe different forms of effective coping, and resolve ongoing debates about continuing versus relinquishing bonds. These 2 generic approaches are integrated within a bereavement-specific perspective, the dual-process model of coping ( Stroebe & Schut, 1999 ). Accordingly, (a) different coping styles are adopted by, and are differentially efficacious for, bereaved people according to their style of attachment; (b) bereaved people's ways of continuing bonds differ according to their attachment style; and (c) grief complications are associated with insecure attachment styles. The authors conclude that it is better for some bereaved individuals to work toward retaining ties and for others to work toward loosening ties.

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The Ambiguity of a Transgression and the Type of Apology Influence Immediate Reactions

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2013.41.1.31 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 31-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leonard S. Newman ◽

Lindsay R. Kraynak

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Social Information Processing ◽

Process Model ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Social Information ◽

Dual Process ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

Immediate Reactions ◽

As If

Apologies with explicit acknowledgements of wrongdoing are especially likely to be well received. An implication of Trope's (1986) dual process model of social information processing is that this may not be so when interpersonal transgressions are ambiguous. In such cases, full apologies primarily serve to identify behaviors as affronts. In Study 1, participants read vignettes involving clear or ambiguous transgressions for which 1 of 3 alternative forms of apology were received by the wronged person: no apology, a full apology, or an expression of sympathy offered as partial apology. For clear transgressions, participants expected full apologies to soothe the wronged person more than either partial apologies or no apologies, but when transgressions were ambiguous, full apologies were considered to be less likely to ameliorate the wronged person's bad feelings than were partial apologies. In Study 2 we replicated the effect for ambiguous transgressions even when participants had the vignette presented to them as if they were in the role of the wronged person, and the results of Study 3 indicate that these findings are not an artifact of differences in conclusions about whether a transgression had actually taken place. Reactions to apologies are an interactive effect of the nature of the apology and the nature of the transgression.

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The Dimensions of Generalized Prejudice within the Dual-Process Model: the Mediating Role of Moral Foundations

Current Psychology ◽

10.1007/s12144-016-9544-x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 731-739 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Márton Hadarics ◽

Anna Kende

Keyword(s):

Process Model ◽

Dual Process ◽

Moral Foundations ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

Mediating Role

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A complicated grief intervention model

Health SA Gesondheid ◽

10.4102/hsag.v15i1.415 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cornelia M. Drenth ◽

Alida G. Herbst ◽

Herman Strydom

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Social Functioning ◽

Social Workers ◽

Process Model ◽

Complicated Grief ◽

Dual Process ◽

Intervention Model ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

The Social ◽

Grief Intervention

Complicated grief refers to a prolonged state of grief and indicates the inability of the client to incorporate the death into his or her life. Few social workers in South Africa assess the possibility of complicated grief as a contributing factor to impaired social functioning. This can be as a result of limited knowledge, ignorance and/or insufficient skills on the part of the social worker to assess and identify complicated grief. In this article, the researchers tabulate some of the models and approaches to bereavement and discusses its applicability to complicated grief. Specific attention is given to the Dual Process Model (Stroebe & Schut 1999) and the Task-Centred approach (a social work approach to therapy) in an attempt to develop a model for complicated grief intervention. This article furthermore proposes the Complicated Grief Intervention Model through the integration of the Dual Process Model and the Task-Centred approach while drawing on intervention techniques from other therapeutic approaches.OpsommingGekompliseerde rou verwys na ‘n verlengde staat van rou en impliseer ‘n onvermoë by die klient om die dood van ‘n geliefde in sy/haar lewe te integreer. Gekompliseerde rou word deur min maatskaplike werkers as bydraende faktor tot verlaagde maatskaplike funksionering geassesseer. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan beperkte kennis, ignorering van/of ontoereikende vaardighede by die maatskaplike werker in die identifisering en assessering van gekompliseerde rou. Die outeurs tabuleer sommige van die rouberadingsmodelle en –benaderings in hierdie artikel en bespreek die toepaslikheid daarvan op gekompliseerde rou. Spesifieke aandag word aan die Tweeledige Prosesmodel (Dual Process Model) (Stroebe & Schut 1999) verleen, asook aan die taakgesentreerde benadering (‘n maatskaplike werkbenadering) in ‘n poging om ‘n model te ontwikkel vir gekompliseerde rou intervensie. Die artikel beveel aan dat die Gekompliseerde Rou Intervensie Model (GRIM) deur middel van die integrasie van die Tweeledige Prosesmodel en die taakgesentreerde maatskaplike werkbenadering aangebied word, terwyl intervensietegnieke van verskeie terapeutiese benaderings benut word.

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Beyond Moral Dilemmas: The Role of Reasoning in Five Categories of Utilitarian Judgment

10.31234/osf.io/eywhg ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

François Jaquet ◽

Florian Cova

Keyword(s):

Process Model ◽

Strong Support ◽

Moral Dilemmas ◽

Dual Process ◽

Intuitive Reasoning ◽

Dual Process Model ◽

The Difference ◽

Conscious Processes ◽

Trolley Problems

Over the past two decades, the study of moral reasoning has been heavily influenced by Joshua Greene’s dual-process model of moral judgment, according to which deontological judgments are typically supported by intuitive, automatic processes while utilitarian judgments are typically supported by reflective, conscious processes. However, most of the evidence gathered in support of this model comes from the study of people’s judgments about sacrificial dilemmas, such as Trolley Problems. To which extent does this model generalize to other debates in which deontological and utilitarian judgments conflict, such as the existence of harmless moral violations, the difference between actions and omissions, the extent of our duty to help others, and the good justification for punishment? To find out, we conducted a series of five studies on the role of reflection in these kinds of moral conundrums. In Study 1, participants were asked to answer under cognitive load. In Study 2, participants had to answer under a strict time constraint. In Studies 3 to 5, we sought to promote reflection through exposure to counter-intuitive reasoning problems or direct instruction. Overall, our results offer strong support to the extension of Greene’s dual-process model to moral debates on the existence of harmless violations and partial support to its extension to moral debates on the extent of our duty to help others.

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