scholarly journals Recent Development of Biomass Conversion using Ionic Liquid-based Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Megawati Zunita ◽  
Risha Diah Rhamadhani
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
New Products ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Green Catalyst ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Paper Review

The amount of biomass products generated globally increases year after year. Nature produces lignocellulose, which is largely constituted of three components in the following order: cellulose (34–50%), hemicellulose (15–35%), and lignin (5–30%). A promising conversion method known as biomass conversion employs a liquid media-based process to address the issue of an abundance of biomass as waste. Converting biomass with ionic liquid (IL) can address not only environmental issues caused by the abundance of biomass waste but also generate new energy sources or new products with economical selling value. IL can be employed as a green catalyst, solvent, or electrolyte, as well as in a number of conversion processes. In general, 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-based cations are the most commonly used IL types for biomass conversion. The conversion conditions are relatively mild, consisting of a low temperature of around 95-220 °C, 1 atm, for 10–240 minutes. This paper review is expected to be a significant reference in the future for the development of other biomass conversion processes.

scholarly journals Metal-Catalyzed Degradation of Cellulose in Ionic Liquid Media

Inorganics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiina Aid ◽  
Mihkel Koel ◽  
Margus Lopp ◽  
Merike Vaher
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Molybdenum Oxide ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Good Activity ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Metal Catalyzed

Biomass conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been widely investigated as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based feedstock, since it can be efficiently converted to fuel, plastic, polyester, and other industrial chemicals. In this report, the degradation of commercial cellulose, the isomerization of glucose to fructose, and the conversion of glucose to HMF in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl]) using metal catalysts (CrCl3, ZnCl2, MgCl2) as well as tungsten and molybdenum oxide-based polyoxometalates (POM) were investigated. Tungsten and molybdenum oxide-based POMs in ionic liquids (IL) were able to degrade cellulose to majority glucose and epimerize glucose to mannose (in the case of the molybdenum oxide-based POM). A certain amount of glucose was also converted to HMF. The tungsten oxide-based POM in IL showed good activity for cellulose degradation but the overall products yield remained 28.6% lower than those obtained using CrCl3 as a catalyst. Lowering the cellulose loading did not significantly influence the results and the addition of water to the reaction medium decreased the product yields remarkably.

scholarly journals Towards the Hydrogen Economy—A Review of the Parameters That Influence the Efficiency of Alkaline Water Electrolyzers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3193
Author(s):  
Ana L. Santos ◽  
Maria-João Cebola ◽  
Diogo M. F. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alkaline Water Electrolysis ◽  
Alkaline Water ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Components

Environmental issues make the quest for better and cleaner energy sources a priority. Worldwide, researchers and companies are continuously working on this matter, taking one of two approaches: either finding new energy sources or improving the efficiency of existing ones. Hydrogen is a well-known energy carrier due to its high energy content, but a somewhat elusive one for being a gas with low molecular weight. This review examines the current electrolysis processes for obtaining hydrogen, with an emphasis on alkaline water electrolysis. This process is far from being new, but research shows that there is still plenty of room for improvement. The efficiency of an electrolyzer mainly relates to the overpotential and resistances in the cell. This work shows that the path to better electrolyzer efficiency is through the optimization of the cell components and operating conditions. Following a brief introduction to the thermodynamics and kinetics of water electrolysis, the most recent developments on several parameters (e.g., electrocatalysts, electrolyte composition, separator, interelectrode distance) are highlighted.

Electrochemical Determination of pKaof N-Bases in Ionic Liquid Media

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Barhdadi ◽  
Michel Troupel ◽  
Clément Comminges ◽  
Michel Laurent ◽  
Andrew Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Electrochemical Determination ◽  
Liquid Media

Subsidies to New Energy Sources: Do They Add to Energy Stocks?

1981 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Baumol ◽  
Edward N. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Energy Sources ◽  
New Energy

Amine basicity: measurements of ion pair stability in ionic liquid media

Tetrahedron ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (47) ◽  
pp. 11681-11685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca D'Anna ◽  
Renato Noto
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Liquid Media

Process of metal−organic framework (MOF)/covalent−organic framework (COF) hybrids-based derivatives and their applications on energy transfer and storage

Nanoscale ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingbing Cui ◽  
Guo-Dong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Organic Framework

The fossil-fuel shortage and severe environmental issues have posed ever-increasing demands on clean and renewable energy sources, for which the exploration of electrocatalysts has been in a big challenge toward...

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