Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Battery Grids

Soukaina Saissi; Elmadani Saad; Youssef Ait Yassine

doi:10.22161/ijcmes.66.3

Structural Hardening Mechanisms of Lead-Cadmium-Bismuth-Silver Alloys for Battery Grids

International Journal of Civil Mechanical and Energy Science ◽

10.22161/ijcmes.66.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 37-47

Author(s):

Soukaina Saissi ◽

Elmadani Saad ◽

Youssef Ait Yassine

Keyword(s):

Silver Alloys ◽

Hardening Mechanisms ◽

Structural Hardening

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Structural hardening mechanisms of lead-cadmium-calcium alloys for battery grids

Revue de Métallurgie ◽

10.1051/metal:2002166 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 481-489

Author(s):

E. Saad ◽

I. Bouirden ◽

E. Hilali ◽

N. Selhaoui ◽

K. Mahdouk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hardening Mechanisms ◽

Structural Hardening

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Kinetic Study of Structural Hardening Mechanisms of PbCdBiSn and PbCdBiMg Alloys for the New Generation of Battery Grids

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.64.122 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 122-129

Author(s):

Soukaina Saissi ◽

Elmadani Saad

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Equilibrium State ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Casting Alloy ◽

Return To Equilibrium ◽

Hardening Mechanisms ◽

The One ◽

New Generation ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Structural Hardening

The study of the return to equilibrium state of PbCdBiSn and PbCdBiMg alloys has been studied. Indeed, two structural states were considered: raw casting alloy and rehomogenized alloy. The experimental temperatures are 20°C and 80°C. The latter temperature was selected because it corresponds to the temperature of ripening of battery grids and extreme temperature for operating a battery. We studied the kinetics of Pb2%Cd1%Bi0,5%Sn and Pb2%Cd1%Bi2%Mg. The activation energy of the alloy without tin remains less than the one with tin and approximate to that with Magnesium.

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Heterogeneous Precipitation at Dislocations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062257 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 70-71

Author(s):

A. K. Eikum

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Dislocation Loops ◽

Silver Alloys ◽

Heterogeneous Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Phenomena ◽

Aluminum Base ◽

Silver Atoms

Precipitation phenomena in concentrated aluminum-base silver alloys have been studied with a variety of techniques including electron microscopy. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the dislocation reactions that occur as silver atoms precipitate (or segregate) under a relatively low supersaturation. Specimens (0.1 mm thick) of Al-1 at. % Ag were quenched from ~500°C into an oil bath at room temperature and aged 30 min. at 265°C. The initial configurations available as sites for heterogeneous precipitation will therefore include perfect prismatic dislocation loops, Frank sessile loops and random segments of grown-in dislocations.

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A non-cyanide method of electropolishing silver

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100107873 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

R. L. Lyles ◽

S. J. Rothman ◽

W. Jäger

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Sulphuric Acid ◽

Methyl Alcohol ◽

Health Hazards ◽

Silver Alloy ◽

High Quality ◽

Silver Alloys ◽

Free Sample ◽

Specimen Quality ◽

Standard Techniques

Standard techniques of electropolishing silver and silver alloys for electron microscopy in most instances have relied on various CN recipes. These methods have been characteristically unsatisfactory due to difficulties in obtaining large electron transparent areas, reproducible results, adequate solution lifetimes, and contamination free sample surfaces. In addition, there are the inherent health hazards associated with the use of CN solutions. Various attempts to develop noncyanic methods of electropolishing specimens for electron microscopy have not been successful in that the specimen quality problems encountered with the CN solutions have also existed in the previously proposed non-cyanic methods.The technique we describe allows us to jet polish high quality silver and silver alloy microscope specimens with consistant reproducibility and without the use of CN salts.The solution is similar to that suggested by Myschoyaev et al. It consists, in order of mixing, 115ml glacial actic acid (CH3CO2H, specific wt 1.04 g/ml), 43ml sulphuric acid (H2SO4, specific wt. g/ml), 350 ml anhydrous methyl alcohol, and 77 g thiourea (NH2CSNH2).

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