The demand for soils for recreational uses, gardening, or others in urban and periurban areas is increasing, and thus the presence of polluted technosols in these areas requires nature-based in situ remediation technologies. In this context, the capacity of three amendments, namely zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI), compost and a mixture of compost and biochar, to immobilise As in a polluted technosol simultaneously cultivated with Lolium perenne L. were tested and compared. The characteristics of the soil were comprehensively characterised by chemical and X-ray analysis to determine As contents, distribution, and mineralogy. As mobility was evaluated by the RBA methodology and then potential human health risks, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, were assessed in all treatments. The nZVI treatment reduced risks due to the As immobilisation obtained (41% As decrease, RBA test), whereas the organic amendments did not imply any significant reduction of the RBA values. As to soil properties, the organic treatments applied lowered the pH values, increasing cation exchange capacity, and carbon and nutrient contents. To determine impacts over plant production, fresh biomass, As, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and P were measured in Lolium under the different treatments. Notably, organic amendments improved As extraction by plants (57% increase), as well as fresh biomass (56% increase). On the contrary, nZVI diminished As extraction (65% decrease) and promoted a fresh biomass decrease of 57% due to nutrients immobilisation (61% decrease of P in plants tissues).
Effect of integrated use of biochar and organic amendments on soil properties and crop yield
