scholarly journals The Non-Existence of the Proton Spin Crisis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Leader
Keyword(s):  
Proton Spin ◽  
Spin Crisis

scholarly journals Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

scholarly journals SPIN AND ORBITAL ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN THE PROTON

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 1116-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY W. THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Orbital Angular Momentum ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Nucleon Structure ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
European Muon Collaboration ◽  
Spin Crisis

Since the announcement of the proton spin crisis by the European Muon Collaboration there has been considerable progress in unravelling the distribution of spin and orbital angular momentum within the proton. We review the current status of the problem, showing that not only have strong upper limits have been placed on the amount of polarized glue in the proton but that the experimental determination of the spin content has become much more precise. It is now clear that the origin of the discrepancy between experiment and the naive expectation of the fraction of spin carried by the quarks and anti-quarks in the proton lies in the non-perturbative structure of the proton. We explain how the features expected in a modern, relativistic and chirally symmetric description of nucleon structure naturally explain the current data. The consequences of this explanation for the presence of orbital angular momentum on quarks and gluons is reviewed and comparison made with recent results from lattice QCD and experimental data.

WHAT WE KNOW AND DON'T KNOW ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE SPIN OF THE PROTON

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 4149-4162 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY W. THOMAS ◽  
ANDREW CASEY ◽  
HRAYR H. MATEVOSYAN
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Lattice Qcd ◽  
Orbital Angular Momentum ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Hadron Physics ◽  
Proton Structure ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Quark Orbital Angular Momentum ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Spin Crisis

The origin of the spin of the proton is one of the most fundamental questions in modern hadron physics. Although tremendous progress has been made since the discovery of the "spin crisis" brought the issue to the fore, much remains to be understood. We carefully review what is known and, especially in the case of lattice QCD, what is not known. We also explain the importance of QCD inspired models in providing a physical picture of proton structure and the connection between those models and what is measured experimentally and on the lattice. We specifically apply these ideas to the issue of quark orbital angular momentum in the proton. We show that the Myhrer–Thomas resolution of the proton spin crisis is remarkably consistent with modern information from lattice QCD.

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

PROTON SPIN WITHIN NONPERTURBATIVE QCD

1993 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 603-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. DOROKHOV ◽  
N.I. KOCHELEV ◽  
YU. A. ZUBOV
Keyword(s):  
Proton Spin ◽  
Qcd Vacuum ◽  
Nonperturbative Qcd ◽  
Spin Crisis

A review of various approaches to the problem of the proton spin is presented. Arguments are given in favor of the idea that the answer to the “spin crisis” is to be found in fundamental nonperturbative properties of the QCD vacuum.

scholarly journals Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Charge Distribution ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
First Time

The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

PROTON SPIN CRISIS OR QUARK SPIN CONFUSION

GDH 2000 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
FAN WANG ◽  
DI QING ◽  
XIANG-SONG CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Proton Spin ◽  
Quark Spin ◽  
Spin Crisis

scholarly journals Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Charge Distribution ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
First Time

The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

The proton spin crisis: an electroweak analogy

1994 ◽  
Vol 428 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Bimal Patel
Keyword(s):  
Proton Spin ◽  
Spin Crisis
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