scholarly journals Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
The Big Bang

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k1(EC) = kdd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k2(EC) = knn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

scholarly journals Origins of Stellar Mass Neutron Black Holes, Supermassive Dark Matter Black Holes and Universe Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Universe Evolution

The origins of the stellar mass neutron black holes and supermassive dark matter black holes without the singularities are reported based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The neutron black holes with the mass of mBH = 5 – 15 msun are made by the 6-quark merged states (N6q) of two neutrons with the mass (m(N6q) = 10 m(n)) of 9.4 GeV/c2 that gives the black hole mass gap of mBH = 3 – 5 msun. Also, the supermassive black holes with the mass of mSMBH = 106 – 1011 msun are made by the merged 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky way galaxy has the mass of mSMBH = 4.1 106 msun that is consistent with mSMBH = 2.08 - 6.23 106 msun calculated from the 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters with the mass of m(J) = 1.95 1015 eV/c2. In other words, this supports the existence of the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters with the proposed masses. The first dark matter black hole (primary black hole) was created at the big bang. This first dark matter black hole decayed to the supermassive dark matter black holes through the secondary dark matter black holes that are explained by the merged states of the J(B1B2B3)3 particles. The universe evolution is closely connected to the decaying process of the dark matter black holes since the big bang. The dark matter cloud states are proposed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun. This can explain why the dark matter black holes are not observed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun.

scholarly journals Big Bang Process, Magnetic Monopoles and Super Unification Theory of All Forces Using the GEM Wave

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Time Evolution ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cpt Symmetry ◽  
Unification Theory ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Space Time Evolution

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (mass), charges and absolute time are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The photons and gravitons are understood as the 2-D space fluctuations along the space axes and 1-D time fluctuations along the time axis, respectively. This indicates that the electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational (G) waves can be unified into the so called gravityelectromagnetic (GEM) wave which has both space and time fluctuations. The photon with zero force fields is the 2EM wave because an EM wave corresponds to a charged fermion. The dark matter bosons, weak force bosons, strong force bosons are the 1-D time fluctuations which can be expressed by the G waves. This indicates that all five forces are unified by the GEM wave. It is called as the super unification theory in the present work. And the force carrying bosons and mesons are, for the first time, proposed as the possible candidates of the magnetic monopoles like the fermions and baryons are the electric monopoles. The signs of the magnetic charges are newly defined. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry.

scholarly journals Origins of Stellar Mass Neutron Black Holes, Supermassive Dark Matter Black Holes and Universe Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Intermediate Mass ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Universe Evolution

The origins of the stellar mass neutron black holes and supermassive dark matter black holes without the singularities are reported based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The neutron black holes with the mass of mBH = 5 – 15 msun are made by the 6-quark merged states (N6q) of two neutrons with the mass (m(N6q) = 10 m(n)) of 9.4 GeV/c2 that gives the black hole mass gap of mBH = 3 – 5 msun. Also, the supermassive black holes with the mass of mSMBH = 106 – 1011 msun are made by the merged 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky way galaxy has the mass of mSMBH = 4.1 106 msun that is consistent with mSMBH = 2.08 - 6.23 106 msun calculated from the 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)3 particles) of the dark matters with the mass of m(J) = 1.95 1015 eV/c2. In other words, this supports the existence of the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters with the proposed masses. The first dark matter black hole (primary black hole) was created at the big bang. This first dark matter black hole decayed to the supermassive dark matter black holes through the secondary dark matter black holes that are explained by the merged states of the J(B1B2B3)3 particles. The universe evolution is closely connected to the decaying process of the dark matter black holes since the big bang. The dark matter cloud states are proposed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun. This can explain why the dark matter black holes are not observed at the intermediate mass black hole range of mIMBH = 102 – 105 msun.

scholarly journals Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Charge Distribution ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
First Time

The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

scholarly journals Singularities in Cosmology

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
Roger Penrose
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Closed Universe ◽  
Naked Singularities ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Topology Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

Singularities in space-time can be broadly divided into three classes: past-spacelike (in white holes or the big bang), timelike (naked singularities) and future-spacelike (in black holes or the final recollapse). In a closed Universe, if a simple restriction is made to eliminate timelike singularities, the inference may be drawn that the topology of the Universe is unchanging with time. Thermodynamical considerations lead one to infer that the final singularity of recollapse must differ markedly in structure from the initial big bang. This may plausibly be related to the existence of black holes and the presumed non-existence of white holes.

scholarly journals Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kwang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Charge Distribution ◽  
Proton Spin ◽  
Asymptotic Freedom ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
Proton Mass ◽  
Dark Matters ◽  
Spin Crisis ◽  
First Time

The relative force strengths of the Coulomb forces, gravitational forces, dark matter forces, weak forces and strong forces are compared for the dark matters, leptons, quarks, and normal matters (p and n baryons) in terms of the 3-D quantized space model. The quark confinement and asymptotic freedom are explained by the CC merging to the A(CC=-5)3 state. The proton with the (EC,LC,CC) charge configuration of p(1,0,-5) is p(1,0) + A(CC=-5)3. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 99.6% of the proton mass. The three quarks in p(1,0,-5) are asymptotically free in the EC and LC space of p(1,0) and are strongly confined in the CC space of A(CC=-5)3. This means that the lepton beams in the deep inelastic scattering interact with three quarks in p(1,0) by the EC interaction and weak interaction. Then, the observed spin is the partial spin of p(1,0) which is 32.6 % of the total spin (1/2) of the proton. The A(CC=-5)3 state has the 67.4 % of the proton spin. This explains the proton spin crisis. The EC charge distribution of the proton is the same to the EC charge distribution of p(1,0) which indicates that three quarks in p(1,0) are mostly near the proton surface. From the EC charge distribution of neutron, the 2 lepton system (called as the koron) of the koron is, for the first time, reported in the present work.

scholarly journals Space–time singularities and cosmic censorship conjecture: A Review with some thoughts

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (14) ◽  
pp. 2030007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Chin Ong
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Cosmic Censorship ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Singularity Theorems ◽  
Time Singularities ◽  
The One ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Cosmic Censorship Conjecture

The singularity theorems of Hawking and Penrose tell us that singularities are common place in general relativity. Singularities not only occur at the beginning of the Universe at the Big Bang, but also in complete gravitational collapses that result in the formation of black holes. If singularities — except the one at the Big Bang — ever become “naked,” i.e. not shrouded by black hole horizons, then it is expected that problems would arise and render general relativity indeterministic. For this reason, Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, which states that singularities should never be naked. Various counterexamples to the conjecture have since been discovered, but it is still not clear under which kind of physical processes one can expect violation of the conjecture. In this short review, I briefly examine some progresses in space–time singularities and cosmic censorship conjecture. In particular, I shall discuss why we should still care about the conjecture, and whether we should be worried about some of the counterexamples. This is not meant to be a comprehensive review, but rather to give an introduction to the subject, which has recently seen an increase of interest.

scholarly journals Supermassive black holes in the early Universe

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2184) ◽  
pp. 20150449 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Melia ◽  
T. M. McClintock
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Supermassive Black Holes ◽  
Active Mass ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Friedmann Robertson Walker

The recent discovery of the ultraluminous quasar SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 at redshift 6.3 has exacerbated the time compression problem implied by the appearance of supermassive black holes only approximately 900 Myr after the big bang, and only approximately 500 Myr beyond the formation of Pop II and III stars. Aside from heralding the onset of cosmic re-ionization, these first and second generation stars could have reasonably produced the approximately 5–20  M ⊙ seeds that eventually grew into z approximately 6–7 quasars. But this process would have taken approximately 900 Myr, a timeline that appears to be at odds with the predictions of Λ CDM without an anomalously high accretion rate, or some exotic creation of approximately 10 5   M ⊙ seeds. There is no evidence of either of these happening in the local Universe. In this paper, we show that a much simpler, more elegant solution to the supermassive black hole anomaly is instead to view this process using the age–redshift relation predicted by the R h = ct Universe, an Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology with zero active mass. In this context, cosmic re-ionization lasted from t approximately 883 Myr to approximately 2 Gyr ( 6 ≲ z ≲ 15 ), so approximately 5–20  M ⊙ black hole seeds formed shortly after re-ionization had begun, would have evolved into approximately 10 10   M ⊙ quasars by z approximately 6–7 simply via the standard Eddington-limited accretion rate. The consistency of these observations with the age–redshift relationship predicted by R h = ct supports the existence of dark energy; but not in the form of a cosmological constant.

scholarly journals HORIZONS IN MATTER: BLACK HOLE HAIR VERSUS NULL BIG BANG

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 2283-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. BRONNIKOV ◽  
OLEG B. ZASLAVSKII
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Radial Pressure ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
Phantom Matter

It is shown that only particular kinds of matter (in terms of the "radial" pressure-to-density ratio w) can coexist with Killing horizons in black hole or cosmological space–times. Thus, for arbitrary (not necessarily spherically symmetric) static black holes, admissible are vacuum matter (w = −1, i.e. the cosmological constant or its generalization with the same value of w) and matter with certain values of w between 0 and −1, in particular a gas of disordered cosmic strings (w = −1/3). If the cosmological evolution starts from a horizon (the so-called null big bang scenarios), this horizon can coexist with vacuum matter and certain kinds of phantom matter with w ≤ −3. It is concluded that normal matter in such scenarios is entirely created from vacuum.

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