scholarly journals The relationship between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation for ninety countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Listiono Listiono
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Causality Relationship ◽  
Lower Income Countries ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the relationship between freight transport, economic growth and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) experienced by ninety countries over the period 1980-2014. The estimation is divided into the global panel, high-income countries, upper-middle income countries, lower-middle income countries, and lower-income countries. This paper employed simultaneous equation Model and was estimated by Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS). The results discovered the existence of bi-directional causality relationship between economic growth and freight transport in the high-income countries and lower-income countries. The result also indicated the bi-directional causality relationship between the transportation and CO2 emissions in the panel upper-middle-income countries. Lastly, the finding indicated the bi-directional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries.

scholarly journals ICT Adoption and Environmental Sustainability: Thresholds From the Lower and Lower-Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouna AMARI ◽  
Anis JARBOUI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Ict Adoption ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Lower Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper aims to study the relationship between ICT readiness, use, and intensity, and environmental sustainability factors in the lower and middle lower-income countries from 2012-2018. ICT readiness, use, and intensity are measured with the impact of ICT on access to basic services, phone penetration, and internet penetration, while CO2 emissions per capita, fossil fuel energy consumption, and methane emissions are used as indicators for air pollution. To achieve this goal, the system two steps GMM estimation was performed which thresholds are computed contingent on the validity of tested hypotheses. The results demonstrate that increasing ICT readiness, use, and intensity in lower and lower-middle-income countries enhance environmental sustainability by decreasing CO2 emissions and energy consumption.

Industrial and Agricultural Pollution Patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Don P. Clark ◽  
Alejandro E. Dellachiesa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Agricultural Pollution ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Industrial and agricultural pollution emissions are compared with levels of economic activity as countries move up the per capita income scale. Pollution emissions are found to be concentrated among the lower income countries. Industrial CH4 and both agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions display the highest degrees of concentration among poorer countries relative to their GDP shares. Agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions are more concentrated among the poorer countries than are industrial CH4 and N2O emissions. Little improvement in environmental quality will result from implementing costly emissions reductions in the industrial nations alone. Environmental policies must focus on lower- and middle-income countries. More attention must be devoted to reducing agricultural pollution emissions. Improving the economic activity–environmental tradeoff will require a global approach to reducing greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Abnormal Umbilical Arterial Flow on Doppler Ultrasound in Low-risk and Unselected Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Peter Vogel ◽  
Valerie Vannevel ◽  
Gianna Robbers ◽  
George Gwako ◽  
Tina Lavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Arterial Flow ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Abstract Background: While Doppler ultrasound screening is beneficial for women with high-risk pregnancies, there is insufficient evidence on its benefits and harms in low- and unselected-risk pregnancies. This may be related to fewer events of abnormal Doppler flow, however the prevalence of absent or reversed end diastolic flow (AEDF or REDF) in such women is unknown. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise available data on the prevalence of AEDF or REDF.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Global Index Medicus with no date, setting or language restrictions. All randomized or non-randomized studies reporting AEDF or REDF prevalence based on Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial flow >20 weeks’ gestation were eligible. Two authors assessed eligibility and extracted data on primary (AEDF and REDF) and secondary (fetal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality, caesarean section) outcomes, with results presented descriptively. Results: A total of 42 studies (18,282 women) were included. Thirty-six studies reported zero AEDF or REDF cases. However, 55 AEDF or REDF cases were identified from just six studies (prevalence 0.08% to 2.13%). Four of these studies were in unselected-risk women and five were conducted in high-income countries. There was limited evidence from low- and middle-income countries.Conclusions: Evidence from largely observational studies in higher-income countries suggests that AEDF and REDF are rare among low- and unselected-risk pregnant women. There are insufficient data from lower-income countries and further research is required.

scholarly journals Prevalence of abnormal umbilical arterial flow on Doppler ultrasound in low-risk and unselected pregnant women: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Peter Vogel ◽  
Valerie Vannevel ◽  
Gianna Robbers ◽  
George Gwako ◽  
Tina Lavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Arterial Flow ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Abstract Background While Doppler ultrasound screening is beneficial for women with high-risk pregnancies, there is insufficient evidence on its benefits and harms in low- and unselected-risk pregnancies. This may be related to fewer events of abnormal Doppler flow, however the prevalence of absent or reversed end diastolic flow (AEDF or REDF) in such women is unknown. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise available data on the prevalence of AEDF or REDF.Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Global Index Medicus with no date, setting or language restrictions. All randomized or non-randomized studies reporting AEDF or REDF prevalence based on Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial flow >20 weeks’ gestation were eligible. Two authors assessed eligibility and extracted data on primary (AEDF and REDF) and secondary (fetal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality, caesarean section) outcomes, with results presented descriptively. Results A total of 42 studies (18,282 women) were included. Thirty-six studies reported zero AEDF or REDF cases. However, 55 AEDF or REDF cases were identified from just six studies (prevalence 0.08% to 2.13%). Four of these studies were in unselected-risk women and five were conducted in high-income countries. There was limited evidence from low- and middle-income countries.Conclusions Evidence from largely observational studies in higher-income countries suggests that AEDF and REDF are rare among low- and unselected-risk pregnant women. There are insufficient data from lower-income countries and further research is required.

scholarly journals The impact of user charges on health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. e001087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Mengqi Qin ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Christopher Millett ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Serra ◽  
Barbara McPake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Study Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
User Charges ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundUser charges are widely used health financing mechanisms in many health systems in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to insufficient public health spending on health. This study systematically reviews the evidence on the relationship between user charges and health outcomes in LMICs, and explores underlying mechanisms of this relationship.MethodsPublished studies were identified via electronic medical, public health, health services and economics databases from 1990 to September 2017. We included studies that evaluated the impact of user charges on health in LMICs using randomised control trial (RCT) or quasi-experimental (QE) study designs. Study quality was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies—of Intervention for RCT and QE studies, respectively.ResultsWe identified 17 studies from 12 countries (five upper-middle income countries, five lower-middle income countries and two low-income countries) that met our selection criteria. The findings suggested a modest relationship between reduction in user charges and improvements in health outcomes, but this depended on health outcomes measured, the populations studied, study quality and policy settings. The relationship between reduced user charges and improved health outcomes was more evident in studies focusing on children and lower-income populations. Studies examining infectious disease–related outcomes, chronic disease management and nutritional outcomes were too few to draw meaningful conclusions. Improved access to healthcare as a result of reduction in out-of-pocket expenditure was identified as the possible causal pathway for improved health.ConclusionsReduced user charges were associated with improved health outcomes, particularly for lower-income groups and children in LMICs. Accelerating progress towards universal health coverage through prepayment mechanisms such as taxation and insurance can lead to improved health outcomes and reduced health inequalities in LMICs.Trial registration numberCRD 42017054737.

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