New vaccine will aid low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Headline INT: New vaccine will aid lower income countries

Vaccine nationalism could prolong pandemic

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Exit Strategy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Significance Klugge is likely aiming to be optimistic. An effective COVID-19 vaccine is considered to be the only economically and humanely acceptable exit strategy for this pandemic. However, never before has a vaccine been developed, manufactured and distributed in the timescale now required. Impacts High-income countries will initially monopolise access to a vaccine. The country in which the vaccine is developed will be the very first to use it. Low- and middle-income countries covered by GAVI will gain some access to a vaccine, but it will not be comprehensive. Middle-income countries outside GAVI will likely be the last to get access.

Industrial and Agricultural Pollution Patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Don P. Clark ◽  
Alejandro E. Dellachiesa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Agricultural Pollution ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Emissions Reductions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Industrial and agricultural pollution emissions are compared with levels of economic activity as countries move up the per capita income scale. Pollution emissions are found to be concentrated among the lower income countries. Industrial CH4 and both agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions display the highest degrees of concentration among poorer countries relative to their GDP shares. Agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions are more concentrated among the poorer countries than are industrial CH4 and N2O emissions. Little improvement in environmental quality will result from implementing costly emissions reductions in the industrial nations alone. Environmental policies must focus on lower- and middle-income countries. More attention must be devoted to reducing agricultural pollution emissions. Improving the economic activity–environmental tradeoff will require a global approach to reducing greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Abnormal Umbilical Arterial Flow on Doppler Ultrasound in Low-risk and Unselected Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Peter Vogel ◽  
Valerie Vannevel ◽  
Gianna Robbers ◽  
George Gwako ◽  
Tina Lavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Arterial Flow ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Abstract Background: While Doppler ultrasound screening is beneficial for women with high-risk pregnancies, there is insufficient evidence on its benefits and harms in low- and unselected-risk pregnancies. This may be related to fewer events of abnormal Doppler flow, however the prevalence of absent or reversed end diastolic flow (AEDF or REDF) in such women is unknown. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise available data on the prevalence of AEDF or REDF.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Global Index Medicus with no date, setting or language restrictions. All randomized or non-randomized studies reporting AEDF or REDF prevalence based on Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial flow >20 weeks’ gestation were eligible. Two authors assessed eligibility and extracted data on primary (AEDF and REDF) and secondary (fetal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality, caesarean section) outcomes, with results presented descriptively. Results: A total of 42 studies (18,282 women) were included. Thirty-six studies reported zero AEDF or REDF cases. However, 55 AEDF or REDF cases were identified from just six studies (prevalence 0.08% to 2.13%). Four of these studies were in unselected-risk women and five were conducted in high-income countries. There was limited evidence from low- and middle-income countries.Conclusions: Evidence from largely observational studies in higher-income countries suggests that AEDF and REDF are rare among low- and unselected-risk pregnant women. There are insufficient data from lower-income countries and further research is required.

scholarly journals PPP projects: improvements in stakeholder management

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chika Amadi ◽  
Pat Carrillo ◽  
Martin Tuuli
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Dynamic Identification ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Stakeholder Identification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Stakeholders ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Purpose The implementation of public–private partnerships (PPPs), particularly in low- and middle-income countries, has been hampered by external stakeholders’ opposition leading to the failure of several projects. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to improve external stakeholder management in PPP projects. Design/methodology/approach Two case studies consisting of 23 interviews with a wide range of internal and external stakeholders were employed. This was supplemented with a focus group approach to validate the framework. Findings A new framework for the management of external stakeholders is developed. It encompasses new features such as the dynamic identification of stakeholders at each project phase and their corresponding interests. Research limitations/implications The scope is road transportation projects in Nigeria and thus the recommendations may not be globally applicable. Practical implications The findings can help the public sector and their agencies to manage external stakeholders and maintain successful relationships on PPP projects. Originality/value The paper contributes to existing knowledge in four key areas: it confirms that the skill and actions of internal stakeholders are vital to the stakeholder management process; it shows that one-off stakeholder identification proposed in literature is a flawed approach; it proposes that the identification of external stakeholders’ interests be dynamic; and it adds the perspective of low- and middle-income countries in stakeholder management in PPP projects.

Cross-country income variations and inclusive financing

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nabeel Safdar ◽  
Tian Lin ◽  
Saba Amin
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
High Income ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Purpose This study, a symposium, aims to explore the determinants of financial inclusion, impact of cross-country income-variations on financial inclusion, do high-income countries really uplift the financial inclusion and does the higher financial inclusion index indicate the larger economy? Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the panel data model to investigate the impact of high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries on financial inclusion. However, this study further adopts the principal component analysis rather than Sarma’s approach to calculate the financial inclusion index. Findings Based on the Data of World Bank, United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Development Indicators, this study concludes that there is no nexus between income variations and financial inclusion, as the study reveals that some low- and middle-income countries have greater financial inclusion index such as Thailand (2.8538FII), Brazil (1.9526FII) and Turkey (0.8582FII). In low- and middle-income countries, the gross domestic product per capita, information technology and communication, the rule of law, age dependency ratio and urbanization have a noteworthy impact on financial inclusion that accumulatively describe the 83% of the model. Whereas, in high-income countries, merely, information technology and urbanization have a substantial influence on the growth of financial revolution and financial inclusion that describes the 70% of the total. Research limitations/implications The biggest limitation is the availability of data from different countries. Originality/value The originality of this paper is its technique, which is used in this paper to calculate the financial inclusion index. Furthermore, this study contributes to 40 different countries based on income, which could help to boost financial inclusion, and ultimately, it leads them toward economic growth.

scholarly journals Prevalence of abnormal umbilical arterial flow on Doppler ultrasound in low-risk and unselected pregnant women: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Peter Vogel ◽  
Valerie Vannevel ◽  
Gianna Robbers ◽  
George Gwako ◽  
Tina Lavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Arterial Flow ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Abstract Background While Doppler ultrasound screening is beneficial for women with high-risk pregnancies, there is insufficient evidence on its benefits and harms in low- and unselected-risk pregnancies. This may be related to fewer events of abnormal Doppler flow, however the prevalence of absent or reversed end diastolic flow (AEDF or REDF) in such women is unknown. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesise available data on the prevalence of AEDF or REDF.Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Global Index Medicus with no date, setting or language restrictions. All randomized or non-randomized studies reporting AEDF or REDF prevalence based on Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial flow >20 weeks’ gestation were eligible. Two authors assessed eligibility and extracted data on primary (AEDF and REDF) and secondary (fetal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality, caesarean section) outcomes, with results presented descriptively. Results A total of 42 studies (18,282 women) were included. Thirty-six studies reported zero AEDF or REDF cases. However, 55 AEDF or REDF cases were identified from just six studies (prevalence 0.08% to 2.13%). Four of these studies were in unselected-risk women and five were conducted in high-income countries. There was limited evidence from low- and middle-income countries.Conclusions Evidence from largely observational studies in higher-income countries suggests that AEDF and REDF are rare among low- and unselected-risk pregnant women. There are insufficient data from lower-income countries and further research is required.

scholarly journals Assessing the Burden ofClostridium difficileInfection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Roldan ◽  
A. X. Cui ◽  
N. R. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACTIn contrast to the significant resources invested in the diagnosis and prevention ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in resource-rich settings, in resource-limited settings patients with community- and hospital-acquired diarrhea may not routinely be tested for CDI. Is CDI actually less frequent or severe in resource-limited settings, or might we be missing an important opportunity to prevent CDI-related morbidity and mortality (and to promote antibiotic stewardship) in these settings? Here, we review the literature to assess the overall burden of CDI in low- and middle-income countries.

scholarly journals Transferable Plasmid-Borne mcr-1 in a Colistin-Resistant Shigella flexneri Isolate

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Liang ◽  
Adam P. Roberts ◽  
Xuebin Xu ◽  
Chaojie Yang ◽  
Xiaoxia Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Low And Middle Income

ABSTRACT Since the initial discovery of mcr-1 in an Escherichia coli isolate from China, the gene has also been detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica but is rarely reported in other Enterobacteriaceae . Here, we report the isolation and identification of a Shigella flexneri strain harboring mcr-1 from stool samples in a pig farm in China from 2009. The MIC of colistin for the isolate is 4 μg/ml. Conjugation assays showed that the donor S. flexneri strain has functional and transferable colistin resistance. Sequencing revealed that mcr-1 was present on a putative composite transposon flanked by inverted repeats of IS Apl1 . IMPORTANCE There are four species of Shigella , and Shigella flexneri is the most frequently isolated species in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we report a functional, transferable, plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in S. flexneri . We have shown that mcr-1 is located on a novel composite transposon which is flanked by inverted repeats of IS Apl1 . The host strain is multidrug resistant, and this multidrug resistance is also transferable. The finding of a functional mcr-1 gene in S. flexneri , a human-associated Enterobacteriaceae family member, is a cause for concern as infections due to S. flexneri are the main Shigella infections in most low- and middle-income countries.

Are low- and middle-income countries profiting from fast fashion?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karan Khurana ◽  
S.S. Muthu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Fast Fashion ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

PurposeIn the last two decades, the fashion value chain traveled to developing parts of the world. To these nations, it paved a path for socio-economic development initially but lately, the aftermath has costed more. This article visualizes the gains and losses of fast fashion to these countries.Design/methodology/approachAn in-depth systematic literature review was performed to analyze the secondary data from academic journals and reports from international organizations. The authors have compiled their empirical journeys in academia, research and industry from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) based on Schon's (1983, 1990) theory of reflective practice. Further on, the article is structured using the value chain analysis (VCA) method which visualizes the aftermath of mass-producing fashion for the developed countries.FindingsIn this research it was found that LMICs have made substantial economic progress in the past two decades, however at a high social and environmental cost. It is the right time to find a balance between economic development and harm caused to the citizens of these nations.Originality/valueAt the moment the existing academic literature talks about unsustainable practices in the fashion sector around the world. This research precisely targets the LMICs where the aftermath is supposed to be much more severe. Further, it provides solutions and urges these nations to bring a substantial change throughout the value chain for a robust future.

scholarly journals The relationship between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation for ninety countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Listiono Listiono
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Causality Relationship ◽  
Lower Income Countries ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the relationship between freight transport, economic growth and environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) experienced by ninety countries over the period 1980-2014. The estimation is divided into the global panel, high-income countries, upper-middle income countries, lower-middle income countries, and lower-income countries. This paper employed simultaneous equation Model and was estimated by Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS). The results discovered the existence of bi-directional causality relationship between economic growth and freight transport in the high-income countries and lower-income countries. The result also indicated the bi-directional causality relationship between the transportation and CO2 emissions in the panel upper-middle-income countries. Lastly, the finding indicated the bi-directional causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries.

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