Ulmus alata: Stritch, L.

Under Texas conditions, the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) usually was more effective than the isooctyl ester formulation for control of live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.), huisache (Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.), and honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell). Possible reasons for the difference in effectiveness of picloram formulations were studied in the laboratory. Extensive degradation of the ester of picloram (96%) occurred in open Petri dishes after 72 hr exposure to ultraviolet (uv) light, compared to a loss of 26% for the salt of picloram. Forty-five percent of the isooctyl ester of picloram was lost at high temperatures (60 C), whereas only 2% of the potassium salt of picloram was lost after 1 week at 60 C from open Petri dishes in a dark oven. Application of the ester to soils reduced thermal and ultraviolet light degradation losses compared to losses from open Petri dishes. Loss of the ester was greater when applied in diesel oil to Petri dishes than in either water or paraffin oil. The salt of picloram leached most after 12.5 cm simulated rainfall in soil columns to the 17.5 to 30-cm level (907 μg), followed by the acid (360 μg), and last the isooctyl ester (0 μg). However, considerable acid (161 μg) was recovered at the 32.5 to 45-cm depth from the isooctyl ester treatment exposed to wet soils for 3 days, indicating hydrolysis of the ester to acid.

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ULMUS ALATA, WAHOO, WINGED ELM

The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland ◽

10.1017/cbo9781107252844.082 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 1924-1925

Author(s):

Henry John Elwes ◽

Augustine Henry

Keyword(s):

Ulmus Alata

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Torus Structure and Development in the Woods of Ulmus Alata Michx., Celtis Laevigata Willd., and Celtis Occidentalis L.

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001146 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 71-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Roland R. Dute ◽

Ann E. Rushing

Keyword(s):

Secondary Wall ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Central Layer ◽

Tracheary Elements ◽

Pit Membrane ◽

Celtis Occidentalis ◽

Celtis Laevigata ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Grooved Wheel

Pit membranes between tracheary elements of Ulmus alata, Celtis laevigata, and Celtis occidentalis often contained tori. The degree of development of tori varied and was greatest in those membranes connecting elements of small diameter. Complete tori consisted of two wall thickenings adjoined by a central layer. In three dimensions the shape of the torus often approximated a grooved wheel. Initiation of thickening in the pit membrane occurred first on the side of the older cell and was well underway prior to the beginning of secondary wall synthesis. Torus formation resulted from the thickening of the primary walls of the pit membrane. Development of the torus was associated with membranous vesicles and cisternae but not with microtubule complexes as was reported in Osmanthus. The pit membranes in this study are capable of aspiration, and the tori may prevent rupture of the pit membrane during this process.

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Control of Oaks (Quercusspp.) and Associated Woody Species on Rangeland with Tebuthiuron

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061944 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 270-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C. J. Scifres ◽

J. W. Stuth ◽

R. W. Bovey

Keyword(s):

Woody Species ◽

Juniperus Virginiana ◽

Eastern Redcedar ◽

The Third ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Post Oak ◽

Ilex Vomitoria ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Quercus Stellata ◽

Water Oak

Aerial applications of 20% tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylurea} pellets at 2.2 kg/ha (ai) in the spring effectively controlled post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), blackjack oak (Q. marilandicaMuenchh.), water oak (Q. nigraL.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx.), downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollisScheele), gum bumelia [Bumelia lanuginosa(Michx.) Pers.], and willow baccharis (Baccharis salicinaTorr. & Gray) in the Post Oak Savannah of Texas. Tree huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.), black hickory (Carya texanaBuckl.), honeylocust (Gleditsia triachanthosL.) and cedar elm (Ulmus crassifoliaNutt.) were partially controlled by 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron. Canopies of buckbrush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatusMoench), southern dewberry (Rubus trivialisMichx.), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americanaL.), and persimmon (Diospyros virginianaL.) were reduced for about two growing seasons after which the woody species recovered. American beautyberry appeared to increase in abundance by the third growing season after control of the other woody species. Honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginianaL.), and Texas persimmon (Diospyros texanaScheele) were not controlled by tebuthiuron at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha, and saw greenbrier (Similax bona-noxL.) and peppervine [Ampelopsis arborea(L.) Koehne] apparently increased following application of tebuthiuron.

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TORUS LIGNIFICATION IN HARDWOODS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000376 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 435-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christina M. Coleman ◽

Brian L. Prather ◽

Matthew J. Valente ◽

Roland R. Dute ◽

Michael E. Miller

Keyword(s):

Cell Maturation ◽

Developmental Studies ◽

Celtis Occidentalis ◽

Daphne Odora ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Spurious Results

Tori in wood of Osmanthus americanus, Daphne odora, Celtis occidentalis and Ulmus alata were tested for lignins using KMnO4 staining in conjunction with TEM, and acriflavine staining in concert with CLSM. It was hypothesized that impregnation with lignin could explain torus survival during cytoplasmic apoptosis. KMnO4 staining indicated torus lignification in all four woods, whereas only Osmanthus and Daphne tested positive for lignin with acriflavine. Tori in Celtis and Ulmus showed some evidence of partial breakdown during cell maturation, which might expose non-lignin sites for KMnO4 binding and thus produce spurious results. The acriflavine data correlate with developmental studies in which torus ontogeny occurs by one method in Osmanthus and Daphne and by another method in Celtis and Ulmus.

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Seasonal Response of Woody Plants to Tebuthiuron Pellets

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500082825 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 551-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rodney W. Bovey ◽

Robert E. Meyer ◽

L. Fred Bouse ◽

James B. Carlton

Keyword(s):

Woody Plants ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

Plant Cover ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Post Oak ◽

Ilex Vomitoria ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Vaccinium Arboreum

Pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} was hand broadcast at 2.2 and 4.5 kg ai/ha every month for 2 yr on an area infested with live oak (Quercus virginianaMill. ♯4QUEVI), post oak (Q. stellataWangenh. ♯ QUESL), parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshalliiEgglest. ♯ CSCMS), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit. ♯ ILEVO) on the Gulf Coast Prairie near Cordele, TX. Live oak, post oak, and parsley hawthorn trees were killed at most rates and dates of tebuthiuron application. Applications of 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 90% or more of the yaupon plants when it was applied in October and December 1975 and February, March, and June 1976 and less than 90% when applied at other dates. On another site, pelleted tebuthiuron was aerially applied at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha every 3 months during 1978 and 1979 in the Post Oak Savannah near Bryan, TX. At 2.2 kg/ha, tebuthiuron killed all post oak and 80% or more of the blackjack oak (Q. marilandicaMuechh.), yaupon, winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx. ♯ ULMAL), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosaNutt.) regardless of date treated. Tree huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.) killed by tebuthiuron when applied at 2.2 kg/ha ranged from 34% in July 1979 to 69% from application in February 1978. Application of 4.5 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 83% or more of the tree huckleberry when it was applied in January and April 1978 and January, April, July, and October 1979. Herbaceous plant cover usually increased by the second season.

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Brush Response to Spacing and Individual-Plant Herbicide Treatments

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500040790 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 378-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert E. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Individual Plant ◽

Acacia Farnesiana ◽

Quercus Virginiana ◽

Live Oak ◽

Ilex Vomitoria ◽

Quercus Marilandica ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Honey Mesquite

Soil-applied herbicides were evaluated for control of blackjack oak (Quercus marilandicaMuenchh.), huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.) in Texas. Various spacing of spot treatments of pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} on huisache and live oak and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on Macartney rose up to a 2.7-m square grid did not change herbicide effectiveness. Pelleted tebuthiuron at 2.2 kg/ha reduced the canopy of live oak and killed a significant percentage of plants; however, differences among herbicide formulations and distance of placement in a grid were small. On unburned plots, 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron applied as pellets at 2.7-m centers and as a broadcast wettable-powder treatment killed fewer yaupon than pellets applied in most broadcast treatments. In individual-plant treatments, bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and picloram solutions at 2 g/plant killed 45% of the yaupon 1.5 to 2 m tall on a fine sandy loam, whereas 0.5 g/plant of either herbicide killed 70% or more of the yaupon plants 1 m tall on a loamy fine sand. Both bromacil and picloram at 1 g/plant killed all blackjack oak and winged elm sprouts 1 to 2 m tall. On a clay soil, 1 g of bromacil/plant killed 79% of the live oak and 88% of the winged elm plants, whereas picloram killed only 38 and 45%, respectively. Neither bromacil nor picloram was effective as soil treatments for killing honey mesquite.

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Environmental Effects on Absorption and Translocation of 2,4,5-T in Winged Elm

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500049316 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 431-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gene D. Wills ◽

Eddie Basler

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Environmental Effects ◽

Liquid Scintillation ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Growing Season ◽

Scintillation Counting ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Ulmus Alata

The absorption and translocation of foliarly applied14C-labeled (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T-1-14C) in winged elms (Ulmus alataMichx.) as affected by season of application, air temperature, and soil moisture were determined by autoradiography of bark samples and liquid scintillation counting of leaf tissue. Treatments at 3-week intervals throughout the growing season showed highly variable trends in absorption and translocation within and between growing seasons. Seasonal variations in the absorption of14C-2,4,5-T were similar to the variations in translocation. Translocation into the stem closely correlated with absorption into the leaves. Higher daily temperatures of 24 to 40 C appeared to enhance absorption and translocation. Variations in soil moisture showed little effect on absorption; whereas, a decrease in soil moisture reduced translocation from leaves to roots.

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Response of Range Vegetation to Grid Placement and Aerial Application of Karbutilate

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500049511 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 139-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. J. Scifres ◽

J. L. Mutz ◽

C. H. Meadors

Keyword(s):

Average Density ◽

Grid Pattern ◽

Post Oak ◽

Ilex Vomitoria ◽

Rolling Plains ◽

Vegetation Region ◽

Quercus Marilandica ◽

Ulmus Alata ◽

Quercus Stellata ◽

Honey Mesquite

Karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxypheny)-1, 1-dimethylurea], formulated as a ball 1.34 cm in diameter, was applied to brush-infested rangeland with fixed-wing aircraft and in a grid pattern by hand at an average density of four balls/12.4 m2 (1.83-m spacing). Control of woody plants with karbutilate applied by hand in an exact grid pattern was not different from aerial applications at the same rate. Based on evaluations at least 24 months after application, karbutilate at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha did not control honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell] in the subhumid Post Oak Savannah or semiarid Rolling Plains of Texas. At 2.24 kg/ha, canopy reduction of honey mesquite averaged 70% with 20 to 25% of the population killed. Post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica Muenchh.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria Ait.), or winged elm (Ulmus alata Michx.) in Post Oak Savannah were not killed by 2.24 kg/ha. Karbutilate eliminated all vegetation in a 25 to 45-cm diameter circle, depending on concentration of active ingredient in the ball, the year of treatment regardless of vegetation region. The bare areas were revegetated within 2 yr following application in the Post Oak Savannah. However, bare areas in sodgrasses, primarily tobosa [Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.] and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], where 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha were applied averaged 20 to 30 in diameter, respectively, 32 months after application to sandy clay loam in the Rolling Plains.

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Exogenous budding from ascospores of Taphrina

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b69-168 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 1203-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. N. Muthappa

Keyword(s):

Ulmus Alata

Taphrina ulmi (Fkl.) Johanson, collected on the leaves of Ulmus alata Michx., was found to produce exogenous blastospores from ascospores within the ascus.

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