Control of Oaks (Quercusspp.) and Associated Woody Species on Rangeland with Tebuthiuron

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
J. W. Stuth ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Water Oak

Aerial applications of 20% tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylurea} pellets at 2.2 kg/ha (ai) in the spring effectively controlled post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), blackjack oak (Q. marilandicaMuenchh.), water oak (Q. nigraL.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx.), downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollisScheele), gum bumelia [Bumelia lanuginosa(Michx.) Pers.], and willow baccharis (Baccharis salicinaTorr. & Gray) in the Post Oak Savannah of Texas. Tree huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.), black hickory (Carya texanaBuckl.), honeylocust (Gleditsia triachanthosL.) and cedar elm (Ulmus crassifoliaNutt.) were partially controlled by 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron. Canopies of buckbrush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatusMoench), southern dewberry (Rubus trivialisMichx.), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americanaL.), and persimmon (Diospyros virginianaL.) were reduced for about two growing seasons after which the woody species recovered. American beautyberry appeared to increase in abundance by the third growing season after control of the other woody species. Honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginianaL.), and Texas persimmon (Diospyros texanaScheele) were not controlled by tebuthiuron at 2.2 or 4.4 kg/ha, and saw greenbrier (Similax bona-noxL.) and peppervine [Ampelopsis arborea(L.) Koehne] apparently increased following application of tebuthiuron.

Effects of post oak Quercus Stellata and Smooth Brome Bromus Inermis Competition on Water Uptake and Root Partitioning of Eastern Redcedar Juniperus Virginiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Hamati ◽  
Juliana S. Medeiros ◽  
David Ward
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Invasive Grass ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
New Habitats

Abstract Water availability may alter species competitive interactions, resulting in different outcomes as plants compete for available water. Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana (hereafter ERC) will likely continue to encroach into new habitats, which will affect soil and water budgets. We designed a greenhouse experiment to investigate changes in water uptake and rooting depths of two-year old ERC saplings in the presence of an invasive grass (Bromus inermis) and a native tree (Quercus stellata). We measured soil moisture content over two growing seasons. When grown together, ERC took up water from the deeper layers (21–40 cm) whereas B. inermis used water from the top layers of the soil (0–20 cm). Similarly, when ERC grew with Q. stellata, ERC took up water from the deeper layers and Q. stellata used water mostly from the top layers. This root partitioning can allow the co-existence of ERC, grasses, and other trees, which can facilitate ERC encroachment into grasslands and woodlands. However, when the three species grew together, we found root overlap between the ERC and Q. stellata. This overlap can affect ERC establishment and encroachment in habitats where grasses and trees co-occur. A major factor that affected ERC performance was higher mortality in treatments with B. inermis than in the ERC-alone or with Q. stellata. This indicates that competition with grasses is a major factor affecting ERC sapling establishment.

Control of an Oak(Quercus)Complex with Herbicide Granules

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
J. R. Baur
Keyword(s):  
Woody Species ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dimethyl Urea ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Quercus Marilandica ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Several Intervals

Granule, and in some cases, tablet and ball formulations of bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil), dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethyl urea} were applied to three areas within 30 km of College Station in the Claypan Resource area of Texas. Woody species growing in the area included blackjack oak(Quercus marilandicaMuenchh.), post oak(Quercus stellataWangenh.), yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.), white ash(Fraxinus americanaL.), mockernut hickory(Carya tomentosaNutt.), and tree huckleberry(Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.). Granules were applied either broadcast or in rows at several intervals. Tebuthiuron was the most effective herbicide on oaks, winged elm, and white ash. Tebuthiuron and picloram were equally and most effective on yaupon, mockernut hickory, and tree huckleberry. Tebuthiuron + picloram at 2.2 + 2.2 kg/ha was the most effective herbicide treatment on huckleberry. However, a mixture of tebuthiuron + picloram (1:1 w/w) was usually no more effective than the same rate of tebuthiuron in the mixture applied alone. Tablet and ball formulations of karbutilate and tablet formulations of tebuthiuron were generally equally as effective as granules. Applications of picloram and tebuthiuron granules in rows 1.8, 3.0, 4.6, or 6.1 m apart gave control equal to broadcast applications except for picloram on yaupon. On yaupon all row spacing treatments of picloram were less effective than the broadcast treatment, whereas with tebuthiuron the 6.1-m spacing was least effective. Picloram and tebuthiuron granules applied in rows, approximately at 1.8-m intervals with a tractor, were as effective as granules applied by hand in straight rows.

Response of Range Vegetation to Grid Placement and Aerial Application of Karbutilate

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
J. L. Mutz ◽  
C. H. Meadors
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Rolling Plains ◽  
Vegetation Region ◽  
Quercus Marilandica ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Karbutilate [tert-butylcarbamic acid ester with 3(m-hydroxypheny)-1, 1-dimethylurea], formulated as a ball 1.34 cm in diameter, was applied to brush-infested rangeland with fixed-wing aircraft and in a grid pattern by hand at an average density of four balls/12.4 m2 (1.83-m spacing). Control of woody plants with karbutilate applied by hand in an exact grid pattern was not different from aerial applications at the same rate. Based on evaluations at least 24 months after application, karbutilate at 0.56 or 1.12 kg/ha did not control honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell] in the subhumid Post Oak Savannah or semiarid Rolling Plains of Texas. At 2.24 kg/ha, canopy reduction of honey mesquite averaged 70% with 20 to 25% of the population killed. Post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica Muenchh.), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria Ait.), or winged elm (Ulmus alata Michx.) in Post Oak Savannah were not killed by 2.24 kg/ha. Karbutilate eliminated all vegetation in a 25 to 45-cm diameter circle, depending on concentration of active ingredient in the ball, the year of treatment regardless of vegetation region. The bare areas were revegetated within 2 yr following application in the Post Oak Savannah. However, bare areas in sodgrasses, primarily tobosa [Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.] and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.], where 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha were applied averaged 20 to 30 in diameter, respectively, 32 months after application to sandy clay loam in the Rolling Plains.

Light Intensity and the Absorption and Translocation of 2,4,5-T by Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homer A. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Incident Light Intensity ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Quercus Nigra ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Water Oak

Absorption of the isooctyl ester of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid varied more than 20% in four woody species when incident light intensity was increased from 40 to 4,000 ft-c. Variations in translocation of the herbicide of 45 to 50% in post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.) and water oak (Quercus nigraL.) accompanied changes in illumination. Light intensity did not affect translocation in longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) or American holly (Ilex opacaAit.)

Control of Yaupon and Associated Species

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
H. L. Morton ◽  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
T. O. Flynt ◽  
T. E. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Quercus Marilandica ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Quercus Stellata

Early spring spray applications of the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and certain formulations of 1:1 mixtures of picloram plus (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) controlled yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.). Ester formulations of picloram or picloram plus 2,4,5-T were ineffective. Combinations of surfactant and oil: water carriers usually did not improve herbicide performance over water carriers. Granular picloram was superior to sprays when applied as soil treatments at equal rates and controlled yaupon at most dates of application. Post oak(Quercus stellataWangenh.) and blackjack oak(Quercus marilandicaMuenchh.) were controlled more effectively by picloram or picloram plus 2,4,5-T sprays on the foliage than by granular picloram as a soil treatment. Picloram granules usually killed winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.) regardless of date of application.

Absorption, Translocation, and Degradation of Tebuthiuron and Hexazinone in Woody Species

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne K. McNeil ◽  
Jimmy F. Stritzke ◽  
Eddie Basler
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
The Other ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Bur Oak

Seedlings of winged elm (Ulmus dataMichx.), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpaMichx.), black walnut (Juglans nigraL.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginianaL.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) were treated in nutrient solution with ring-labeled14C-tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or14C-hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione]. Four hours later,14C was detected in all sections of winged elm treated with14C-tebuthiuron and14C-hexazinone. Root absorption of the tebuthiuron label by the other species occurred in the order: loblolly pine > bur oak > black walnut = eastern redcedar. The sequence of14C-hexazinone absorption was: loblolly pine > black walnut ≥ bur oak = eastern redcedar. Foliar accumulation of the tebuthiuron label occurred in the order: bur oak > loblolly pine > eastern redcedar = black walnut, whereas the sequence with hexazinone was loblolly pine > bur oak > black walnut = eastern redcedar. The presence of the three metabolites of hexazinone in loblolly pine suggests that it may be resistant to hexazinone as a result of its ability to degrade hexazinone rather than its ability to limit uptake.

scholarly journals Aboveground Biomass Estimation for Three Common Woody Species in the Post Oak Savannah of Texas

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Oswald ◽  
R. R. Botting ◽  
Dean W. Coble ◽  
Ken W. Farrish
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Juniperus Virginiana ◽  
Eastern Redcedar ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Logarithmic Model ◽  
Post Oak

Abstract The post oak savannah of Texas contains many shrubs and trees species that lack standing biomass estimation. Nondestructive biomass prediction equations for dry weight (g) and fuel size classes (to accurately assess fuels hazards and potential fire behavior) were determined for post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), and gum bumelia (Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. subsp. oblongifolium [Nutt] T.D. Penn) using basal diameter, height, and crown area. Five models (full model, full log model, combined variable model, logarithmic model, and combined variable model with crown area) were performed and compared. The logarithmic model provided the best results for predicting dry weight. The logarithmic model was the only one that performed well for any fuel size parameter (post oak foliage and eastern redcedar 1 hour fuel size).

Hexazinone and Other Herbicides on Texas Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Gleditsia Triacanthos ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] was applied to honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthosL.), honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-noxL.), whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.). Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were used for comparison in some experiments. Hexazinone was required at the following rates to kill at least 75% of the following species: 1.1 kg/ha for live oak, 2.2 kg/ha for post oak, 4.5 kg/ha for huisache (at Bryan, Texas) and whitebrush, and 9 kg/ha for honeylocust. Hexazinone was ineffective at 9 kg/ha for control of honey mesquite, huisache (at Washington, Texas), Macartney rose, saw greenbrier, and yaupon. Tebuthiuron at 1.1 kg/ha killed 80% of the live oak, and as a subsurface spray at 4.5 kg/ha, killed huisache (at Washington, Texas). Bromacil was effective on huisache at 9 kg/ha.

Seasonal Response of Woody Plants to Tebuthiuron Pellets

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Robert E. Meyer ◽  
L. Fred Bouse ◽  
James B. Carlton
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Ulmus Alata ◽  
Vaccinium Arboreum

Pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} was hand broadcast at 2.2 and 4.5 kg ai/ha every month for 2 yr on an area infested with live oak (Quercus virginianaMill. ♯4QUEVI), post oak (Q. stellataWangenh. ♯ QUESL), parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshalliiEgglest. ♯ CSCMS), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit. ♯ ILEVO) on the Gulf Coast Prairie near Cordele, TX. Live oak, post oak, and parsley hawthorn trees were killed at most rates and dates of tebuthiuron application. Applications of 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 90% or more of the yaupon plants when it was applied in October and December 1975 and February, March, and June 1976 and less than 90% when applied at other dates. On another site, pelleted tebuthiuron was aerially applied at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha every 3 months during 1978 and 1979 in the Post Oak Savannah near Bryan, TX. At 2.2 kg/ha, tebuthiuron killed all post oak and 80% or more of the blackjack oak (Q. marilandicaMuechh.), yaupon, winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx. ♯ ULMAL), and mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosaNutt.) regardless of date treated. Tree huckleberry (Vaccinium arboreumMarsh.) killed by tebuthiuron when applied at 2.2 kg/ha ranged from 34% in July 1979 to 69% from application in February 1978. Application of 4.5 kg/ha of tebuthiuron killed 83% or more of the tree huckleberry when it was applied in January and April 1978 and January, April, July, and October 1979. Herbaceous plant cover usually increased by the second season.

scholarly journals Prescribed Burning Frequency Affects Post Oak and Blackjack Oak Regeneration

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. DeSantis ◽  
Stephen W. Hallgren
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Central ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Quercus Marilandica ◽  
Quercus Stellata

Abstract We studied post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.) and blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica Münchh.) regeneration in xeric upland oak forests burned from 0 to 5.3 times per decade for 19 years. Post oak and blackjack oak represented 76 and 11% of the site basal area. All reproduction was by sprouting; there were no true seedlings. Compared with post oak, blackjack oak had a substantially higher density of clumps and sprouts relative to its basal area, suggesting that basal area was not a good indicator of sprout production capacity across species. The number of sprouts per clump declined with time since last fire for both species, indicating that fire stimulated sprouting. Three growing seasons after fire, sprouts per clump was highest with the lowest fire frequency and declined with increasing fire. The decline was greatest for blackjack oak. This may have been due to reduced vigor of the root systems producing sprouts with increasing fire frequency. Results suggested that post oak and blackjack oak sprouting, growth rates, and response to fire are similar, but blackjack oak sprout mortality may be higher than that of post oak. This information is important for the maintenance of post oak-blackjack oak-dominated forests of the south-central United States.

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