Effect of Varied Taste Experience on Negative Contrast in Consummatory Behavior

Successive Negative Contrast (SNC) is a phenomenon in which there is a sharp decrease in the rate of reinforced behavior immediately after a sudden reduction in quality or quantity of a habitual reinforcer. This phenomenon has become a solid experimental paradigm for the study of frustration in mammals but it has not been reported to date in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). This species is monogamous and biparental, and these differential characteristics make it interesting for comparative analysis. This work includes modifications to the SNC paradigm for this species, assessing its response to sudden changes in positive reinforcement and its differences by sex. In the first phase of the experiment, a multiple choice test was used to identify the preferred reinforcer for the species (sesame paste). After the selection of the primary incentive, the contrast procedure was carried out by presenting sesame paste in the pre-shift phase and LabDiet Laboratory Rodent Diet food during post-shift one. A repeated measures ANOVA of showed a significant reduction of consummatory behavior in the experimental group when compared with the control group. No differences were observed by sex. These data expand the possibility of using gerbils in the comparative study of the relationship between learning and emotion in mammals, both in behavioral and in neurobiological levels.

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Effect of serotonergic drugs on negative contrast in consummatory behavior

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior ◽

10.1016/0091-3057(90)90080-2 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 799-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Charles F. Flaherty ◽

Patricia S. Grigson ◽

Melissa K. Demetrikopoulos ◽

Melanie S. Weaver ◽

Kathleen L. Krauss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Contrast ◽

Consummatory Behavior ◽

Serotonergic Drugs

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Diversity of Adjustments to Reward Downshifts in Vertebrates

International Journal of Comparative Psychology ◽

10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.03.05 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mauricio R. Papini

Keyword(s):

Negative Contrast ◽

Emotional Memory ◽

Consummatory Behavior ◽

Reward Schedule ◽

Incentive Contrast ◽

Amphibian Species ◽

Carry Over ◽

Schedule Effect ◽

Taxonomic Groups ◽

Schedule Effects

This review focuses on reward-schedule effects, a family of learning phenomena involving surprising devaluations in reward quality or quantity (as in incentive contrast), and reward omissions (as in appetitive extinction), as studied in three taxonomic groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, and amphibians. The largest database of dependable data comes from research with mammals in general, and with rats in particular. These experiments show a variety of behavioral adjustments to situations involving reward downshifts. For example, rats show disruption of instrumental and consummatory behavior directed at a small reward after receiving a substantially larger reward (called successive negative contrast, SNC)—a reward-schedule effect. However, instrumental SNC does not seem to occur when animals work for sucrose solutions—a reversed reward-schedule effect. Similar modes of adjustment have been reported in analogous experiments with avian and amphibian species. A review of the evidence suggests that carry-over signals across successive trials can acquire control over behavior under massed practice, but emotional memory is required to account for reward-schedule effects observed under widely spaced practice. There is evidence for an emotional component to reward-schedule effects in mammals, but similar evidence for other vertebrates is scanty and inconsistent. Progress in the comparative analysis of reward-schedule effects will require the intense study of a set of selected species, in selected reward-downshift situations, and aiming at identifying underlying neural mechanisms.

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Correlates of recovery from incentive downshift: A preliminary selective breeding study

International Journal of Comparative Psychology ◽

10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.02.12 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Leonardo A. Ortega ◽

Jacob N. Norris ◽

M. Florencia Lopez-Seal ◽

Thomas Ramos ◽

Mauricio R. Papini

Keyword(s):

Selective Breeding ◽

Behavioral Activation ◽

Sucrose Solution ◽

Negative Contrast ◽

Opioid Antagonist ◽

Consummatory Behavior ◽

Control Line ◽

Sucrose Solutions ◽

Field Activity ◽

Incentive Downshift

Rats exposed to a downshift in the concentration of a sucrose solution from 32% to 4% exhibit a transient suppression of consummatory behavior relative to an unshifted control always exposed to 4% sucrose. One explanation of this effect, known as consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC), explains consummatory suppression as arising from an emotional state of frustration that redirects behavior away from the source of the devalued solution. A preliminary selective breeding protocol consisting of three experiments was performed. Experiment 1 reports results from 5 generations of selected breeding for either high (H) or low (L) recovery rates from cSNC. A control line of randomly (R) mated rats was included. cSNC was reduced in H rats, but L and R rats did not differ across generations. H rats also provided no evidence of behavioral activation in acquisition or increased persistence in extinction after partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement. L and R rats, by contrast, showed both of these effects. H rats were also significantly smaller in body size than R rats, but did not differ in terms of water intake, sucrose sensitivity, open-field activity, or responding to sucrose solutions before the downshift. In Experiment 2, H infants from the sixth selected generation showed increased bandwidth in vocalizations induced by mother-infant separation relative to L and R rats. Experiment 3 showed that H rats failed to show increased response to incentive downshift after treatment with the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone, as done by L and R rats. The results, if replicated, may provide support for the interpretation of a significant role of frustration in cSNC.

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Taste, experience, and feeding.

10.1037/10075-000 ◽

1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Keyword(s):

Taste Experience

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Bubble study as a medium of contrast for computerized tomography coronary angiography. (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.22155 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vijay Shah ◽

Justyn Huang

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Diagnostic Yield ◽

Negative Contrast ◽

Hounsfield Unit ◽

Hounsfield Units ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Invasive Test ◽

Clinical Difference ◽

Contrast Ct ◽

Scan Protocol

BACKGROUND Computed tomographic coronary angiogram (CTCA) is a non-invasive test with a negative predictive value of nearly 100% for the detection of coronary artery study. While diagnostic yield of a dedicated CTCA with bubble contrast is not yet evaluated OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic performance of injected bubble contrast and ability to measure difference in hounsfield units and use it as a "negative contrast" in computed tomographic METHODS This is a single center, single patient study. Baseline acquisition of a non-contrast CT scan was acquired to get hounsfield unit count in the aorta and pulmonary artery- (Calcium scan protocol) 1.4 mGy (19.5 mGy/cm). Secondly, Echo contrasts (Definity) - 5mls was injected and an echocardiogram confirmed filling in the aortic region. Finally, bubble contrast (1ml air, 8mls water and 1mls blood was drawn up and agitated through a 3 way tap) - was injected, a timing run was initiated to calculate for the bubbles to opacity the pulmonary artery. The same scan protocol was used– 1.4 mGy (19.5 mGy/cm). RESULTS Hounsfield units’ difference in the aorta and pulmonary artery from baseline compared to echo contrast and bubble contrast were not significant. CONCLUSIONS We believe this is the first ever recorded case to use bubbles as CT contrast. While results were not significant, secondary to small volume of bubbles injected. Further research needs to be implemented to assess clinical difference with amount of bubbles and volume required. CLINICALTRIAL Single centre study

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Positive Contrast Imaging of SPIO Nanoparticles

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2012/734842 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chenghong Lin ◽

Shuhui Cai ◽

Jianghua Feng

Keyword(s):

Negative Contrast ◽

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽

Positive Contrast ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Cell Labeling ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Tissue Interface ◽

Dark Signal ◽

Ideal Method

It is advantageous to achieve positive contrast images instead of negative contrast images in superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles-based MR imaging in order to distinguish the signal surrounding SPIO nanoparticles from the dark signal due to local field inhomogeneity and the artifacts due to tissue interface and background noise, eliminate the inherent defects in the traditional MRI such as partial-volume effects and large void volume for reliable visualization, and increase contrast-to-noise ratio. Many methods generating positive signal with SPIO nanoparticles have been developed in the last decade. This paper provides an overview of current visualization methods and states their advantages and disadvantages. In practice, these techniques have been widely applied to cell labeling and disease diagnosis and monitoring. However, there is still a need for an ideal method to achieve both accuracy and sensitivity.

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