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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique GRANDJEAN ◽  
Dorsaf SLAMA ◽  
Capucine GALLET ◽  
Clothilde JULIEN ◽  
Emilie SEYRAT ◽  
...  

Objectives: Dogs can be trained to identify several substances not detected by humans, corresponding to specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The presence of VOCs, triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, was tested in sweat from Long COVID patients. Patients and methods: An axillary sweat sample of Long COVID patients and of COVID-19 negative, asymptomatic individuals was taken at home to avoid any hospital contact. Swabs were randomly placed in olfaction detection cones, and the material sniffed by at least 2 trained dogs. Results: Forty-five Long COVID patients, mean age 45 (6-71), 73.3% female, with prolonged symptoms evolving for a mean of 15.2 months (5-22) were tested. Dogs discriminated in a positive way 23/45 (51.1%) Long COVID patients versus 0/188 (0%) control individuals (p<.0001). Conclusion:This study suggests the persistence of a viral infection in some Long COVID patients and the possibility of providing a simple, highly sensitive, non-invasive test to detect viral presence, during acute and extended phases of COVID-19.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Pijuan-Galito ◽  
Francesco Saverio Tarantini ◽  
Hannah Tomlin ◽  
Harry Jenkins ◽  
Jamie Louise Thompson ◽  
...  

During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with robust population-based asymptomatic testing were generally successful in controlling virus spread, hence reducing hospitalizations and deaths. This effectiveness inspired widespread asymptomatic surveillance for COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 globally. Polarized vaccination programs, coupled with the relatively short-lived immunity vaccines provide, mean that reciprocal cross-border exchanges of each new variant are likely, as evidenced by Delta and Gamma, and asymptomatic testing will be required for the foreseeable future. Reliance on nasopharyngeal swabs contributes to “testing fatigue” arising due to difficulties in standardizing administration, unpleasantness, and inappropriateness of use in younger people or individuals with special needs. There has also been erosion in confidence of testing due to variable and/or poor accuracy of lateral flow devices to detect COVID-19. Here, we question why saliva-based PCR assays are not being used more widely, given that standardization is easy and this non-invasive test is suitable for everyone, providing high sensitivity and accuracy. We reflect on our experience with the University of Nottingham COVID-19 Asymptomatic Testing, where (as of October 2021) 96,317 samples have been processed by RT-qPCR from 23,740 repeat saliva donors, yielding 465 positive cases. We challenge myths that saliva is difficult to process, concluding that it is an undervalued resource for both asymptomatic and symptomatic detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomes to an accuracy of &gt;99% and a sensitivity of 1–10 viral copies/μl. In July 2021, our data enabled Nottingham to become the first UK University to gain accreditation and the first UK institute to gain this accolade for saliva.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Melani Sotiriadou ◽  
Antonios P Antoniadis ◽  
Nikolaos Fragakis ◽  
Vassilios Vassilikos

Syncope is a common clinical condition affecting 50% of the general population; however, its exact pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The adenosine test (ADT) has been proposed as a complementary diagnostic test in the work-up of syncope of unknown origin aiming to further elucidate the underlying pathogenetic mechanism of spontaneous syncope. Although ADT has not been endorsed by the recent European Society of Cardiology guidelines on syncope management, the use of a quick, safe and non-invasive test which can contribute to an accurate diagnosis and rationalised therapy, may deserve further consideration. This review summarises the evidence on the role of ADT in the investigation and management of syncope of unknown origin and highlights future perspectives in this area. The authors also analyse the current challenges and research targets on adenosine plasma levels and its receptors due to the involvement of the adenosine pathway in the ADT response.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristiana Santoso

<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologically debilitating disease which typically affects people in the age bracket of 27-40 years old. Currently, little is known about the mechanism of the disease, which is partly due to the lack of a reliable diagnostic test. There are two common ways of diagnosing MS, neither of which are specific to MS. One is the detection of IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a painful and invasive test, and the other involves obtaining MRIs of the brain to locate and monitor plaques in brain, which can be expensive and harmful. Early detection of the disease could not only lead to better symptom management, but would also allow for better monitoring of disease progress and, accordingly, lead to a better understanding of MS pathology. To this end, a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic test for the early detection of MS is required.  In 2006, it was reported that antibodies against α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc were found at elevated levels in the sera of MS patients when compared to healthy patients’ sera, and it has been proposed that the presence of these two carbohydrates in patient serum might serve as a way to detect the onset and prognosis of MS. Accordingly, this Masters project sought to explore this hypothesis via the synthesis of α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc, both glycosides and glycodendrons, which could then be used to potentially detect MS-specific antibodies in sera. To this end, both glycans were prepared and coupled to biotin, ready to be used to bind streptavidin-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. An ELISA protocol is to be established by the optimisation of the negative control in order to test such glycans against plasma samples. In the hope to achieve a multivalent system, a dendrimeric scaffold was also prepared that can be used to prepare larger glycan structures for the immunodiffusion assay. Ultimately, this could lead to a new diagnostic test for MS.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristiana Santoso

<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologically debilitating disease which typically affects people in the age bracket of 27-40 years old. Currently, little is known about the mechanism of the disease, which is partly due to the lack of a reliable diagnostic test. There are two common ways of diagnosing MS, neither of which are specific to MS. One is the detection of IgG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a painful and invasive test, and the other involves obtaining MRIs of the brain to locate and monitor plaques in brain, which can be expensive and harmful. Early detection of the disease could not only lead to better symptom management, but would also allow for better monitoring of disease progress and, accordingly, lead to a better understanding of MS pathology. To this end, a reliable and non-invasive diagnostic test for the early detection of MS is required.  In 2006, it was reported that antibodies against α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc were found at elevated levels in the sera of MS patients when compared to healthy patients’ sera, and it has been proposed that the presence of these two carbohydrates in patient serum might serve as a way to detect the onset and prognosis of MS. Accordingly, this Masters project sought to explore this hypothesis via the synthesis of α-Glc and α-Glc(α-1,4)Glc, both glycosides and glycodendrons, which could then be used to potentially detect MS-specific antibodies in sera. To this end, both glycans were prepared and coupled to biotin, ready to be used to bind streptavidin-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. An ELISA protocol is to be established by the optimisation of the negative control in order to test such glycans against plasma samples. In the hope to achieve a multivalent system, a dendrimeric scaffold was also prepared that can be used to prepare larger glycan structures for the immunodiffusion assay. Ultimately, this could lead to a new diagnostic test for MS.</p>


Author(s):  
Sohail Anwar

Introduction: Cervical lymphadenopathy is very common as the presenting complaint in our outpatient departments. Its etiology may either be benign or malignant. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a comparatively cheap, easy to perform minimally invasive test. It has become the go to test to determine the cause of lymphadenopathy Aims & Objectives: To determine whether FNAC is a cost-effective diagnostic tool in evaluation of various benign and malignant Pathologies associated with cervical lymphadenopathy. Place and duration of study: It is a retrospective study conducted at Gulab Devi Hospital from April 2019 to April 2021. Material & Methods: The cyto-morphologic features seen in the aspirates were critically analyzed and correlated with their etiology. SPSS version 24.0 was analyzed for data analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 100 patients 56 were females and 44 were males with a female to male ratio of 1.3:1. The age range of the patients was from 3 to 75 years. 37% were reactive lymphadenitis, 32% were tuberculosis, 12% were suppurative, 11% were lymphoproliferative disorders, 8% cases were metastatic neoplasm. Conclusion: FNAC is a reliable and cost effective to diagnose the etiologies of cervical lymphadenopathy.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7036
Author(s):  
Youngbeen Chung ◽  
Jie Jin ◽  
Hyun In Jo ◽  
Hyun Lee ◽  
Sang-Heon Kim ◽  
...  

Pneumonia is a serious disease often accompanied by complications, sometimes leading to death. Unfortunately, diagnosis of pneumonia is frequently delayed until physical and radiologic examinations are performed. Diagnosing pneumonia with cough sounds would be advantageous as a non-invasive test that could be performed outside a hospital. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based pneumonia diagnostic algorithm. We collected cough sounds from thirty adult patients with pneumonia or the other causative diseases of cough. To quantify the cough sounds, loudness and energy ratio were used to represent the level and its spectral variations. These two features were used for constructing the diagnostic algorithm. To estimate the performance of developed algorithm, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy by comparing with the diagnosis by pulmonologists based on cough sound alone. The algorithm showed 90.0% sensitivity, 78.6% specificity and 84.9% overall accuracy for the 70 cases of cough sound in pneumonia group and 56 cases in non-pneumonia group. For same cases, pulmonologists correctly diagnosed the cough sounds with 56.4% accuracy. These findings showed that the proposed AI algorithm has value as an effective assistant technology to diagnose adult pneumonia patients with significant reliability.


Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1837
Author(s):  
Ritsuko Kimata Pooh ◽  
Chika Masuda ◽  
Risa Matsushika ◽  
Megumi Machida ◽  
Takako Nakamura ◽  
...  

Background: Noninvasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) has been adopted as the first choice for aneuploidy screening. The purposes of this study were to investigate the accuracy of Vanadis® NIPT (hereafter CRITO-NIPT) in order to gain a deeper insight into the reasons for discrepancies, as well as to discuss the role of fetal ultrasound. Methods: Between 2019 and 2020, CRITO-NIPT was performed in 1218 cases of patients who underwent CVS or amniocentesis after a detailed fetal ultrasound exam and genetic counseling. The CRITO-NIPT results were compared with the genetic results. In cases of test discrepancies, the placentae were collected for detailed genetic research, and the pre-procedure fetal ultrasound findings were referred to. Results: The positive predictive value of T21, T18, and T13 was 93.55%, 88.46%, and 100%, respectively. In 90% of the of false positive (FP) cases, the placentae were examined. In 75% of the CRITO FP-T21 cases, placental mosaicism, or a demised twin’s T21, were confirmed. There were complicated mosaic cases, including tetrasomy 21/trisomy7 and monosomy 21/trisomy21 cases. In one of three no-call cases, an intermediate deletion of chromosome 13 was detected. Conclusions: The CRITO study investigated the mechanism of false positives, and the detailed mechanisms in mosaic and no-call cases. There have hitherto been no reports that have provided insight by partitioning the placenta to compare the NIPT and invasive test results, nor that have provided detailed ultrasound findings in the cases of discordant results, revealing the demonstrated importance of, and necessity for, detailed ultrasonography. This article describes the potential of rolling-circle replication as a powerful biosensing platform, as well as the importance of examining the fetus in detail with ultrasound. However, we should remember that the potential applications raise ethical and social concerns that go beyond aneuploidy and its methodology.


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