The Intelligence of Democracy: Decision Making Through Mutual Adjustment. By Charles E. Lindblom. (New York: The Free Press, 1965. Pp. 335. $7.95.) - 
            The Policy-Making Process. By Charles E. Lindblom. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1908. Pp. 118. $2.25.)

Neo-functionalism ascribes a dynamic role to interest groups in the process of integrating pluralist communities. By participating in the policymaking process, interest groups are expected to develop a stake in promoting further integration in order to acquire economic payoffs and additional benefits from maintaining and stimulating the organization through which certain demands can be articulated and goals attained. This implies that in the integration process interest groups have an instrumental role to play in the maintenance of the system; and that by virtue of their participation in the policy-making process of an integrating community they will “learn” about the rewards of such involvement and undergo attitudinal changes inclining them favorably towards the system. Thus, they acquire an interest in seeing the system's perpetuation, and the policy and decision makers acquire an interest in being responsive to interest groups' demands. What is implied overall is that actors' loyalties will shift towards those decision makers in the systems best able to reward them.

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Federal vs. Central Foreign Policy German Foreign Policy Structure An Analysis of Decision-Making Process

10.31124/advance.11633169.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebin Dr. Fard

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Foreign Policy ◽

Policy Making ◽

Research Method ◽

Research Question ◽

German Foreign Policy ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Policy Structure ◽

Policy Making Process ◽

Domestic Level

<p>To answer the research question , I focus on the domestic level to draw up a profile of the German foreign policy making process. For the analysis content analysis is used as a research method in order to examine the legitimate actors who make foreign policy decisions and determine the guidelines of German foreign policy. </p>

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6. How Policies Are Made

The European Union: How does it work? ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780199685370.003.0006 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Fiona Hayes-Renshaw

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

European Union ◽

Policy Making ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Eu Policy ◽

Eu Legislation ◽

Policy Making Process ◽

Legislative Procedure ◽

Ordinary Legislative Procedure

This chapter examines how European Union policies are made. Most EU legislation is now adopted according to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure, under which the Council and the European Parliament have equal powers. The basic policy-making rules laid down in the Treaties have been supplemented over the years by formal agreements and informal understandings between the main actors in the decision-making institutions. EU policy-making is open to criticism on grounds of democracy, transparency, and efficiency, but it continues to deliver an impressive amount and array of policy outcomes. The chapter considers the basic rules and principal actors involved in EU policy-making and how the policy-making process works in practice. It also asks whether the EU policy-making process is democratic, transparent, and efficient before concluding with an assessment of the theory and practice underlying the process.

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6. How Policies Are Made

The European Union: How does it work? ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198807490.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 123-145

Author(s):

Daniel Kenealy ◽

Fiona Hayes-Renshaw

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

European Union ◽

Policy Making ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Eu Policy ◽

Eu Legislation ◽

Policy Making Process ◽

Legislative Procedure ◽

Ordinary Legislative Procedure

This chapter examines how European Union policies are made. Most EU legislation is now adopted according to the Ordinary Legislative Procedure, under which the Council and the European Parliament have equal powers. The basic policy-making rules laid down in the Treaties have been supplemented over the years by formal agreements and informal understandings between the main actors in the decision-making institutions. EU policy-making is open to criticism on grounds of democracy, transparency, and efficiency, but it continues to deliver an impressive amount and array of policy outcomes. The chapter considers the basic rules and principal actors involved in EU policy-making and how the policy-making process works in practice. It also asks whether the EU policy-making process is democratic, transparent, and efficient, before concluding with an assessment of the theory and practice underlying the process.

Download Full-text